25-07-2012, 04:50 PM
EARTHQUAKE rubble
60031724-Earthquake-Rubble-Final-Doc (1).doc (Size: 252.5 KB / Downloads: 27)
INTRODUCTION:
At present as we all know the need of the hour is to find an effective method for rescuing people buried under earthquake rubble (or) collapsed building. It has to be done before we experience another quake. Present methods for searching and rescuing victims buried (or) tapped under earthquake rubble are not effective. Taking all the factors in mind, a system, which will be really effective to solve the problem, has been designed.
The term embedded system is quite a complex one. Simply it is a combination of hardware and software that forms the component of a larger system; this in turn is programmed to perform a range of dedicated functions usually with a minimal operator intervention. In embedded systems the hardware is normally unique to a given application; computer chips are embedded into the control electronics to manage the products functionality.
Embedded systems are rapidly becoming a catalyst for change in computing data communications, telecommunications, industrial control and entertainment sectors. New innovative applications in these as well as other areas such as home networking and car infotainment will roll out in the near feature.
In present Arena every thing is going compact and adaptable. More over continuing trends in Microelectronic Technology and its integration begins to alter the ground rules in the design of high performance systems, such as Embedded Systems. Those Embedded Systems and Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS) are part-achieving, ubiquity, blurring the lines between science fiction and hard reality The main idea behind these Embedded Systems is “why to use a hammer when a gentle touch would do”.
Embedded Systems exists in wide variety of fields from automated vending machine to complex embedded systems that controls aircraft functions. This paper mainly contains the design concepts; development process of Embedded Systems and the Hardware architecture containing processor, Memory and other Hardware devices has been discussed briefly. Recent trends, applications and the explanation developing this embedded system technology. This Embedded System technology may one day result in such a comfort for human, so that he could live in an intelligent home and make his health undisturbed Embedded Systems are combinations of hardware and software that are mounted on compact electronic circuit boards integrated into the devices. They are engineered or intended to perform one specific function in a specific environment.
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system built into a larger device, typically required to meet very different requirements than a general-purpose personal computers. Programs on an embedded system often must run with real-time constraints. Real-time computing is that type of computing in which correctness of the system not only depends on logical result of computation but also on the time at which the results are produced. Usually there is no disk drive, operating system, keyboard or screen in an embedded system. Most embedded systems are small enough to sit on the end of a thumb and are usually hidden within much larger and more complex mobile computing or electronic devices, so they often go unnoticed. But embedded systems actually represent the vast majority of semiconductor sales. According to an estimate, there are 5 billion embedded microprocessors in use today.
Design of embedded systems:
One important decision in the design of an embedded system is the selection of the processor(s) around which the rest of the system is to be built. The electronics usually uses either a microprocessor or a micro controller. Some large or old systems use general-purpose mainframe computers or minicomputers
Embedded Processor:
An Embedded Processors is simply a microprocessor that has been “Embedded” into a device. It is software programmable but interacts with different pieces of hardware and performs both control and computation. It gives more performance than a micro controller but not as much performance as a general purpose processor. They are used in cars, phones, media devices, wireless, and printers
Technology There are many new technologies being implemented for the designing of the embedded systems.
Processor technology: It is the architecture of the computation engine used to implement a system’s desired technology. Processors vary in their customization. They need not have to be programmable.
I.C. Technology: It’s the manner in which a digital (gate-level) implementation is mapped onto an IC. IC technologies differ in their customization to a design and with respect to who builds each layer IC’s consist of numerous layers (perhaps 10 or more) Types are: Full-custom/VLSI, Semi-custom ASIC (gate array and standard cell), PLD (Programmable Logic Device).
Design Technology: The manner in which we convert our concept of desired system functionality into an implementation
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
The basic principle is that when a microwave beam of certain frequency [L (or) S band (or) UHF band] is aimed at a portion of rubble (or) collapsed building under which a person has been trapped, the microwave beam can penetrate through the rubble to reach the person. When the microwave beam focuses the person, the reflected wave from the person’s body will be modulated (or) changed by his/her movements, which include breathing and heartbeat.