23-05-2012, 04:46 PM
R.F.ID and GPS BASED PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
R.F.ID & GPS BASED PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM.docx (Size: 18.56 KB / Downloads: 31)
INTRODUCTION
The very need for digitalising the fares to be error free and easy access to the public transport system, is achieved using RF ID for access into the public transport, where the user has to top up the card for using it similar to a SIM and when entering the transport system it would check for the availabity of funds in the card, if available it would provide access to the service, if not it would indicate the same through a red LED and if the user has to leave the public transport at desired station, the user has to tap the card at the exit., in this manner it would detect the exact fare for his/her journey.
There being a large scope once digitalised one of the other application which could be implemented is, when there are children below the age of 16 who would be using their discount card to travel to and from there school/ college their parents or guardians could subscribe for a service where in which to let them know when and where their children are. In this manner there is ample opportunity to expand and develop using this system.
MICRO CONTROLLER
The 8051 Microcontroller used in the system is a 8 bit computer containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. It is used in the most of the system where in we need to co ordinate the various functional blocks. It can be programmed to take over the control of entire system as it can take decisions according to the conditions and status of the system. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.
Our new GPS kit is patch antenna based GPS with RS232 extension for upto 5mts cable. Due to damages in external antenna (SMA connector) we are now switching to patch antenna.
GSM
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems.
RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication via radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. The application of bulk reading enables an almost parallel reading of tags.Radio-frequency identification involves interrogators (also known as readers), and tags (also known as labels).
Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The other is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.
DISPLAY
An LED lamp is a solid-state lamp that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light. The term LED light bulb is also colloquially used.
Here in the system the LED is controlled by the microcontroller in order to indicate whether the passenger has got the access to board the travel or not. These are got to know by the system by accessing the RFID. If the red LED glows, it indicates access denied or not.
ENCODER & DECODER
The encoder & decoder used here are HT640/648. The HT640 Encoder ICs are series of CMOS LSIs for Remote Control system applications. They are capable of Encoding 18 bit of information which consists of N address bits and 18-N data bits. Each address/data input is externally trinary programmable if bonded out.
The HT648L ICs are series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. This ICs are paired with each other. For proper operation a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of address and data format should be selected. The Decoder receive the serial address and data from its corresponding decoder, transmitted by a carrier using an RF transmission medium and gives output to the output pins after processing the data.
And these are compatible with RF Modules 433 MHz Link: RF Modules (Tx + Rx Pair) 433 Mhz.
TRANSMITER & RECEIVER
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio. The transmitter frequency used in the system is 433.92MHz.
A radio receiver is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna, uses electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts through demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the consumer. The receiver system's frequency is 315MHz.
CONCLUSION
This system would be very effective in transport facilities. It has been implemented in many of the developed countries. Since we are one of the emerging countries, we do can make the transport system in a efficient manner.