27-08-2012, 02:39 PM
HUMAN BODY TEMPERATURE AND HEART RATE MONITERING ON LCD DISPLAY
HUMAN BODY.doc (Size: 97.5 KB / Downloads: 89)
ABSTRACT
ICU stands for Intensive Care Unit, a place in the hospital where very ill patients are monitored very closely. Typically, the patient-staff ratio is very low and the LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT used is very advanced. This project is a working model, which incorporates sensors to measure important parameters namely the Temperature, Respiratory temperature and Heart Beat. The sensors are interfaced to computer, so that the condition of a patient can be analyzed by doctors in any part of the hospital wherever they are.
Whenever there is an abnormality felt by the patient, the particular patient will give an alarm signal, by which the doctor can rush to the patient. Even when the patient is in an unconscious condition, all the parameters will be sensed and doctor will be cautioned, thus it reduces doctor’s workload and also gives more accurate results.
Our project is a working model which incorporates sensors to measure parameters like Heart Beat rate and temperature and the patient condition can be analyzed to by doctors in LCD. Thus it reduces doctors work load and also gives more accurate results, wherever there is an abnormality felt by the patient
INTRODUCTION:
Introduction of This project describes the design of a simple, low-cost microcontroller based heart rate & room temperature measuring device with LCD output. Heart rate of the subject is measured from the thumb finger using IRD (Infra RedDevice sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text based LCD.) Project has been enhanced with the temperature detecting components DS1820 manufactured by DALLAS. The component is used to detect the room temperature & transmit it to the receiver LCD screen. The device alarms when the heart beat & the room temperature exceed the provided threshold value. This threshold value is defined by the programmer at the time of programmed the controller 89C2051.The threshold value given for the project is as 20 to 120 pulse per minute for heart beat indication & 0 to 55 °C .
DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
MICRO CONTROLLER AT 89s52:
The 89S52 has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of 32 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the state of a sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89S52 have 'dual function' meaning that they can be used for two different functions.
The first one is to perform input/output operations and the second one is used to implement special features of the microcontroller like counting external pulses, interrupting the execution of the program according to external events, performing serial data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the software. Each port has 8 pins, and will be treated from the software point of view as an 8-bit variable called 'register', each bit being connected to a different Input/Output pin.
INTRODUCTION TO AT89S52:
AT89S52 stands for AT - Atmel, 89 - manufacturer's series, S - silicon CMOS , 52 - is the family of 8051 i.e., 8052 MC.
The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more reliable but, the above application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller. Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place. Coming to the question of why to use 89S52 of all the 8-bit Microcontroller available in the market the main answer would be because it has 8kB Flash and 256 bytes of data RAM32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a Eight-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. The Flash program memory supports both parallel programming and in Serial In-System Programming (ISP). The 89S52 is also In-Application Programmable (IAP), allowing the Flash program memory to be reconfigured even while the application is running.
POWER SUPPLY TYPES:
Power supplies for electronic devices can be broadly divided into line-frequency (or "conventional") and switching power supplies. The line-frequency supply is usually a relatively simple design, but it becomes increasingly bulky and heavy for high-current equipment due to the need for large mains-frequency transformers and heat-sinked electronic regulation circuitry. Conventional line-frequency power supplies are sometimes called "linear," but that is a misnomer because the conversion from AC voltage to DC is inherently non-linear when the rectifiers feed into capacitive reservoirs. Linear voltage regulators produce regulated output voltage by means of an active voltage divider that consumes energy, thus making efficiency low. A switched-mode supply of the same rating as a line-frequency supply will be smaller, is usually more efficient, but will be more complex.
DC power supply:
An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage, followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors, to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. A small remaining unwanted alternating voltage component at mains or twice mains power frequency (depending upon whether half- or full-wave rectification is used)—ripple—is unavoidably superimposed on the direct output voltage.
For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is not a problem, and the simplest unregulated mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists of a transformer driving a single diode in series with a resistor.
Before the introduction of solid-state electronics, equipment used valves (vacuum tubes) which required high voltages; power supplies used step-up transformers, rectifiers, and filters to generate one or more direct voltages of some hundreds of volts, and a low alternating voltage for filaments. Only the most advanced equipment used expensive and bulky regulated power supplies.
CONCLUSION:
The project “HUMAN BODY TEMPERATURE” has been successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of all reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working.