22-09-2014, 10:55 AM
[color=#0000CD]ROAD POWER GENERATION[/color
ROAD POWER GENERATION.doc (Size: 1.56 MB / Downloads: 16)
ABSTRACT
The objective of the SPEED BREAKER BASED POWER GENERATION
Project is to promote the expansion of economic and environmentally friendly geothermal power generation in India, and to reduce Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the power system. There are four components to the project. The first component is the policy framework for scaling-up the development of power. This component will assist the Government of India in developing and implementing an integrated set of policies that will provide sufficient regulatory certainty, risk mitigation, and economic incentives for increased public and private investments toward developing geothermal power in India. The second component is the transactions management for mobilizing investments in geothermal power generation. This component will assist the GoI, especially the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), to develop the capacity for planning and transacting power developments in an efficient and transparent manner. The third component is the geothermal sector technical capacity building. This component will help address the limited domestic technical capacity for handling most geothermal related activities, and support the long-term development prospects of the sector. Finally, the fourth component is the project management assistance. This component will provide the necessary technical consultant support to the directorate of geothermal enterprise supervision and ground water management, the executive implementation unit, for the management and supervision of the project.
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
In this model we show that how we can generate a voltage from the busy traffic. Conversion of the mechanical energy into electrical energy is widely used concept. It’s a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into rotational energy. We have used that simple concept to the project. We connect one mechanical rod with the dynamo and fit this rod on the surface of the road. When any vehicle moves from this roller then due to friction, vehicle Rotate the rod or roller and roller then move the dynamo. When dynamo move then it generates a voltage and this voltage now connects to the bulbs. In actual practice with the help of this voltage we will charge the battery and then we use this voltage to light the small bulb. If we install this unit to the any small flyover then with the help of this voltage we generate a small voltage, and with the help of this voltage we light the bulb. The second part of that project is an efficient use of energy by using simple electronics. We always see that road light continuously glow whether vehicle on path or not. We have introduced a concept to avoid a waste of light. We have used two sensors between some distances. When vehicle pass through first sensor it sends the signal to the microcontroller that the vehicle is passing along that particular distance then light will glow for that particular time and when vehicle goes out from the second sensor
ALTERNATIVE METHOD
In power generation using footfall, we can use different mechanism to convert the mechanical energy into the electrical energy from the speed breaker. The generation of electricity using the vehicle weight and human weight can considers as an input. The possible three different mechanisms are given below:
• Crank-shaft mechanism
• Roller mechanism
• Rack and pinion mechanis
MECHANICAL TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
One rod with the dynamo is placed like a speed breaker. Dynamo means a generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. Movement of vehicle just rotates the dynamo shaft and electricity is generated. This voltage is to be stored in the chargeable battery.
In the night lights are automatic on with the help of photovoltaic switch logic. But all lights are not on, only half light are on. Other half lights switch on automatically when any vehicle move on the bridge, when there is no vehicle on the bridge then lights are off automatically. We use two infrared sensors’ to check the movement of vehicle. When first infra red sensor is on then lights are on and when second sensor is interrupting then lights are off. A Street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have
CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION
In this model we show that how we generate a voltage from the busy road traffic. In all the city’s traffic is very much high and on some road, traffic move like a tortoise. If we employ a speed breaker type generator on the road then we utilize the friction of vehicle into mechanical energy and then this mechanical energy is further converted into electrical energy with the help of the powerful dynamo. So we install a one powerful dynamo on the road.Output of the dynamo is connected to the L.E.D. in this project. When we move the shaft of the dynamo then dynamo generate a voltage and this voltage is sufficient to drive the L.E.D.
In actual practice we use this dynamo to generate a voltage and after generating a voltage we charge the battery. When battery is fully charged then we use this battery as a storage device. We use this storage device to run the lights of the road. A rechargeable battery (also known as a storage battery) is a group of one or more electrochemical cells. They are known as secondary cells because their electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different sizes and use different combinations of chemicals; common types include: lead acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
GRAMME DYNAMO
Both of these designs suffered from a similar problem: they induced "spikes" of current followed by none at all. Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian scientist, fixed this by replacing the spinning coil with a toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring. This meant that some part of the coil was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out the current. Zénobe Gramme reinvented this design a few years later when designing the first commercial power plants, which operated in Paris in the 1870s. His design is now known as the Gramme dynamo. Various versions and improvements have been made since then, but the basic concept of a spinning endless loop of wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos. The generator moves an electric current, but does not create electric charge, which is already present in the conductive wire of its windings. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water itself.
Other types of electrical generator exist, based on other electrical phenomena such as piezoelectricity, and magneto hydro-dynamics. The construction of a dynamo is similar to that of an electric motor, and all common types of dynamos could work as motors.
GEAR
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque, in most cases with teeth on the one gear being of identical shape, and often also with that shape on the other gear. Two or more gears working in tandem are called a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear; however, a gear can also mesh with a non-rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation. The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.When two gears mesh, and one gear is bigger than the other (even though the size of the teeth must match), a mechanical advantage is produced, with the rotational speeds and the torques of the two gears differing in an inverse relationship.In transmissions which offer multiple gear ratios, such as bicycles, motorcycles, and cars, the term gear, as in first gear, refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term is used to describe similar devices even when the gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not actually contain any gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.The earliest known reference to gears was circa A.D. 50 by Hero of Alexandria,but they can be traced back to the Greek mechanics of the Alexandrian school in the 3rd century B.C. and were greatly developed by the Greek polymath Archimedes (287–212 B.C.). The Antikythera mechanism is an example of a very early and intricate geared device,
SPUR GEAR
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided in form (they are usually of special form to achieve constant drive ratio, mainly involute), the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel shafts. The circle marked in red shows the outer limit of the teeth whilst the green circles are known as the pitch circles. The pitch circle of a gear is very important as it is used by engineers to determine the shape of the teeth and the ratio between
gears (ratios will be explained later). The pitch of a gear is the distance between any point on one tooth and the same point on the next tooth.
The root is the bottom part of a gear wheel
BEVEL GEAR :
A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with most of its tip cut off. When two bevel gears mesh, their imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft axes also intersect at this point, forming an arbitrary non-straight angle between the shafts. The angle between the shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called mitre gears. Bevel gears can be used to change the direction of drive in a gear system by 90 degrees. A good example is seen as the main mechanism for a hand drill. As the handle of the drill is turned in a vertical direction, the bevel gears change the rotation of
the chuck to a horizontal rotation
LEVER
Lever is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. The word comes from the French lever, "to raise", cf. a levant. A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to provide leverage. The ratio of the output force to the input force is the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever. Levers are one of the basic tools that were probably used in prehistoric times. Levers were first described about 260 BC by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes (287-212 BC). A lever is a simple machine that makes work easier for use; it involves moving a load around a pivot using a force. Many of our basic tools use levers, including scissors (2 class 1 levers), pliers (2 class 1 levers), hammer claws (a single class 2 lever), nut crackers (2 class 2 levers), and tongs (2 class 3 levers).
BATTERY
A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or accumulator is a type of electrical battery. It comprises one or more electrochemical cells, and is a type of energy accumulator used for electrochemical energy storage. It is technically known as a secondary cell because its electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of chemicals are commonly used, including: lead–acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).Rechargeable batteries have a lower total cost of use and environmental impact than disposable batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes as common consumer disposable types. Rechargeable batteries have a higher initial cost but can be recharged inexpensively and reused many times.
PCB
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are connected with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as component are mounted and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring errors are eliminated. When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.
This section describes how to draw the schematic, consisting of a power supply, an Atmel AtMega8, RS-232 and RS-485 interfaces and remaining I/O-pins connected to headers. This schematic should be consulted along the
FUTURE SCOPE
In a present scenario such kind of speed breaker are being used for a light vehicles in various countries. Now in a future that technology can be used for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque to various mechanism and ultimately output of the generator or dynamo. To enhance the efficiency of that system, engineers have to find out more compact, reliable and suitable mechanism to produce electricity.
Future goal of that system to enhance the efficiency, so there should be rapid rotation of the dynamo shaft; to do the same we can employ a flywheel to the system in such a way that it would be increase the rotation per minute of dynamo or a generator. Generally a flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir which stores energy during the period when supply energy more than the requirement and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy more than the supply. Flywheel energy storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor (flywheel) to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy. When energy is extracted from the system, the flywheel's rotational speed is reduced as a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy; adding energy to the system correspondingly results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel i.e. increasing the rotational energy of the shaft. Advanced FES systems have rotors made of high strength carbon filaments, suspended by magnetic
CONCLUSION
It is a non conventional type of producing the energy. The existing source of energy such as coal, oil etc may not be adequate to meet the ever increasing energy demands. These conventional sources of energy are also depleting and may be exhausted at the end of the century or beginning of the next century. Consequently sincere and untiring efforts shall have to be made by engineers in exploring the possibilities of harnessing energy from several non-conventional energy sources. This project is a one step to path of that way. The overall goal was to design the speed breaker System while keeping the engineering, producer and customer models in check. The reason why this feature was used more than all of the other features are because the other features would not have as much effect on the complete system. By changing the size and desirable price, weight and capacity can be realized.
We used a survey to find out how the price, weight and capacity were scaled. Much was learned on how to and not to conduct a survey. A preliminary survey should have been conducted to determine a realistic value of variables. Also many of choices were not close enough together to get a reasonable cut off value. Therefore the data that was produced using conjoint analysis was most likely not as accurate as it could have been.
Future work would consist of a redesign of this model to see exactly how much data we may be missing with the assumption that we made with low price, weight and capacity. Despite all the assumptions, we still have realized that this product can be very marketable and that the demand is