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OVERVIEW OF RBI
The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of India, and was established on April 1,
1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The
Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Kolkata but was
permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. Though originally privately owned, the RBI has
been fully owned by the Government of India since nationalization in 1949.
Duvvuri Subbarao who succeeded Yaga Venugopal Reddy on September 2, 2008 is the
current Governor of RBI.
The Reserve Bank of India was set up on the recommendations of the Hilton Young
Commission. The commission submitted its report in the year 1926, though the bank was
not set up for nine years.
The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the Reserve
Bank as to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to
securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit
system of the country to its advantage.
It has 22 regional offices, most of them in state capitals.
RBI was started with a paid up share capital of 5 crore.on established it took over the
function of management of currency from government of India and power of credit
control from imperial bank of india.
Nationalization of RBI:
With a view to have a cordinated regulation of Indian banking Indian Banking
Act was passed in march 1949. To make RBI more powerful the Govt. of India
nationalised RBI on January 1, 1949.
The general superintendence and direction of the Bank is entrusted to Central
Board of Directors of 20 members, the Governor and four Deputy Governors, one
Government official from the Ministry of Finance, ten nominated Directors by the
Government to give representation to important elements in the economic life of
the country, and four nominated Directors by the Central Government to represent
the four local Boards with the headquarters at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and
New Delhi.
Local Boards consist of five members each Central Government appointed for a
term of four years to represent territorial and economic interests and the interests
of co-operative and indigenous banks.
The Reserve Bank of India was nationalized with effect from 1st January, 1949 on the
basis of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948. All shares
in the capital of the Bank were deemed transferred to the Central Government on
payment of a suitable compensation. The image is a newspaper clipping giving the views
of Governor CD Deshmukh, prior to nationalization
ROLE OF RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
Bank of Issue
Under Section 22 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, the Bank has the sole right to issue bank
notes of all denominations. The distribution of one rupee notes and coins and small coins all over
the country is undertaken by the Reserve Bank as agent of the Government. The Reserve Bank
has a separate Issue Department which is entrusted with the issue of currency notes. The assets
and liabilities of the Issue Department are kept separate from those of the Banking Department.
Originally, the assets of the Issue Department were to consist of not less than two-fifths of gold
coin, gold bullion or sterling securities provided the amount of gold was not less than Rs. 40
crores in value. The remaining three-fifths of the assets might be held in rupee coins,
Government of India rupee securities, eligible bills of exchange and promissory notes payable in
India. Due to the exigencies of the Second World War and the post-was period, these provisions
were considerably modified. Since 1957, the Reserve Bank of India is required to maintain gold
and foreign exchange reserves of Ra. 200 crores, of which at least Rs. 115 crores should be in
gold. The system as it exists today is known as the minimum reserve system.
Banker to Government
The second important function of the Reserve Bank of India is to act as Government banker,
agent and adviser. The Reserve Bank is agent of Central Government and of all State
Governments in India excepting that of Jammu and Kashmir. The Reserve Bank has the
obligation to transact Government business, via. to keep the cash balances as deposits free of
interest, to receive and to make payme exchange remittances and other banking operations. The
Reserve Bank of India helps the Government - both the Union and the States to float new loans
and to manage public debt. The Bank makes ways and means advances to the Governments for
90 days. It makes loans and advances to the States and local authorities. It acts as adviser to the
Government on all monetary and banking matters.
Bankers' Bank and Lender of the Last Resort
The Reserve Bank of India acts as the bankers' bank. According to the provisions of the Banking
Companies Act of 1949, every scheduled bank was required to maintain with the Reserve Bank a
cash balance equivalent to 5% of its demand liabilites and 2 per cent of its time liabilities in
India. By an amendment of 1962, the distinction between demand and time liabilities was
abolished and banks have been asked to keep cash reserves equal to 3 per cent of their aggregate
deposit liabilities. The minimum cash requirements can be changed by the Reserve Bank of
India.
The scheduled banks can borrow from the Reserve Bank of India on the basis of eligible
securities or get financial accommodation in times of need or stringency by rediscounting bills of
exchange. Since commercial banks can always expect the Reserve Bank of India to come to their
help in times of banking crisis the Reserve Bank becomes not only the banker's bank but also the
lender of the last resort.
Controller of Credit
The Reserve Bank of India is the controller of credit i.e. it has the power to influence the volume
of credit created by banks in India. It can do so through changing the Bank rate or through open
market operations. According to the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, the Reserve Bank of India
can ask any particular bank or the whole banking system not to lend to particular groups or
persons on the basis of certain types of securities. Since 1956, selective controls of credit are
increasingly being used by the Reserve Bank.
The Reserve Bank of India is armed with many more powers to control the Indian money
market. Every bank has to get a licence from the Reserve Bank of India to do banking business
within India, the licence can be cancelled by the Reserve Bank of certain stipulated conditions
are not fulfilled. Every bank will have to get the permission of the Reserve Bank before it can
open a new branch. Each scheduled bank must send a weekly return to the Reserve Bank
showing, in detail, its assets and liabilities. This power of the Bank to call for information is also
intended to give it effective control of the credit system. The Reserve Bank has also the power to
inspect the accounts of any commercial bank.
As supereme banking authority in the country, the Reserve Bank of India, therefore, has the
following powers:
(a) It holds the cash reserves of all the scheduled banks.
(b) It controls the credit operations of banks through quantitative and qualitative controls.
© It controls the banking system through the system of licensing, inspection and calling for
information.
(d) It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing rediscount facilities to scheduled banks.
Custodian of Foreign Reserves
The Reserve Bank of India has the responsibility to maintain the official rate of exchange.
According to the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934, the Bank was required to buy and sell at
fixed rates any amount of sterling in lots of not less than Rs. 10,000. The rate of exchange fixed
was Re. 1 = sh. 6d. Since 1935 the Bank was able to maintain the exchange rate fixed at lsh.6d.
though there were periods of extreme pressure in favour of or against the rupee. After India became a member of the International Monetary Fund in 1946, the Reserve
Bank has the responsibility of maintaining fixed exchange rates with all other member countries
of the I.M.F.
Besides maintaining the rate of exchange of the rupee, the Reserve Bank has to act as the
custodian of India's reserve of international currencies. The vast sterling balances were acquired
and managed by the Bank. Further, the RBI has the responsibility of administering the exchange
controls of the country.
Supervisory functions
In addition to its traditional central banking functions, the Reserve bank has certain nonmonetary
functions of the nature of supervision of banks and promotion of sound banking in
India. The Reserve Bank Act, 1934, and the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 have given the RBI
wide powers of supervision and control over commercial and co-operative banks, relating to
licensing and establishments, branch expansion, liquidity of their assets, management and
methods of working, amalgamation, reconstruction, and liquidation. The RBI is authorised to
carry out periodical inspections of the banks and to call for returns and necessary information
from them. The nationalisation of 14 major Indian scheduled banks in July 1969 has imposed
new responsibilities on the RBI for directing the growth of banking and credit policies towards
more rapid development of the economy and realisation of certain desired social objectives. The
supervisory functions of the RBI have helped a great deal in improving the standard of banking
in India to develop on sound lines and to improve the methods of their operation.
Promotional functions
With economic growth assuming a new urgency since Independence, the range of the Reserve
Bank's functions has steadily widened. The Bank now performs a varietyof developmental and
promotional functions, which, at one time, were regarded as outside the normal scope of central
banking. The Reserve Bank was asked to promote banking habit, extend banking facilities to
rural and semi-urban areas, and establish and promote new specialised financing agencies.
Accordingly, the Reserve Bank has helped in the setting up of the IFCI and the SFC; it set up the
Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1962, the Unit Trust of India in 1964, the Industrial
Development Bank of India also in 1964, the Agricultural Refinance Corporation of India in
1963 and the Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India in 1972. These institutions were set
up directly or indirectly by the Reserve Bank to promote saving habit and to mobilise savings,
and to provide industrial finance as well as agricultural finance. As far back as 1935, the Reserve
Bank of India set up the Agricultural Credit Department to provide agricultural credit. But only
since 1951 the Bank's role in this field has become extremely important. The Bank has
developed the co-operative credit movement to encourage saving, to eliminate moneylenders
from the villages and to route its short term credit to agriculture. The RBI has set up the
Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation to provide long-term finance to farmers.