04-03-2013, 10:50 AM
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
BIO-CONTROL.docx (Size: 1.06 MB / Downloads: 27)
INTRODUCTION
The video and thermo gram analyzer continuously monitor activities outside the car. A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain (or brain cell culture) and an external device. In one-way BCIs, computers either accept commands from the brain or send signals to it (for example, to restore vision) but not both. Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animals or humans. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational device, from simple circuits to silicon chips (including hypothetical future technologies such as quantum computing).
BIO-CONTROL SYSTEM
The Biocontrol system integrates signals from various other systems and compares them with originals in the database. It comprises of the following systems:
• Brain-computer interface
• Automatic security system
• Automatic navigation system
Now let us discuss each system in detail.
Brain – Computer interface:
Brain computer interface It sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine. It is a direct communication pathway between a human and an external device. Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions.
Brain-computer interfaces will increase acceptance by offering customized, intelligent help and training, especially for the non-expert user. Development of such a flexible interface paradigm raises several challenges in the areas of machine perception and automatic explanation. The teams doing research in this field have developed a single-position, brain-controlled switch that responds to specific patterns detected in spatiotemporal electroencephalograms (EEG) measured from the human scalp. We refer to this initial design as the Low-Frequency Asynchronous Switch Design (LF-ASD) as shown in Figure 2.1.
Automatic Security System:
The EEG of the driver is monitored continually. When it drops less than 4 Hz then the driver is in an unstable state. A message is given to the driver for confirmation to continue the drive. A confirmed reply activates the program automatic drive. The computer prompts the driver for the destination before the drive.
Automatic Navigation System:
As the computer is based on artificial intelligence it automatically monitors every route the car travels and stores it in its map database for future use. The map database is analyzed and the shortest route to the destination is chosen. With traffic monitoring system provided by xm satellite radio the computer drives the car automatically. Video and anticollision sensors mainly assist this drive by providing continuous live feed of the environment up to 180 m, which is sufficient for the purpose.
WORKING OF EEG
EEG is the recording of electrical activity in the brain. The activity is recorded by placing electrodes on the skull over electrically active tissue and measuring the voltage across these electrodes. The electrical activity arises from the firing of many neurons in the brain. There is always a “background” firing of neurons, although the pattern changes when the subject under study is active. One area of interest is the study of waves: these are oscillations in the EEG that are grouped into four different frequency bands.
Description of EEG Control
Figure 3.3 shows scalp topographies generated off-line from 64 channels of EEG data collected during performance of one-dimensional cursor control by one well trained user. The control signal was the sum of the voltages at 10Hz at two locations centered over right and left sensorimotor cortices, respectively. Figure 3.3A shows topographies of the mean 10-Hz voltage computed when the target was at the top or bottom edge of the screen. Mean 10-Hz voltages over both sensorimotor cortices are much greater during top targets than during bottom targets. Voltage is highest on the right side. Figure 3.3B shows the 10-Hz topography of y2. This measure can be considered an index of the signal-to-noise ratio at each location. Like the voltage difference evident in A, the value of y2 is greatest over the sensorimotor cortices. However, in contrast to A, the largest value of y2 is over the left side. These topographical displays illustrate the typically narrow spatial focus of a well-trained user's EEG control.
CONCLUSION
When the above requirements are satisfied and if this car becomes cost effective then hope that revolutionary change in the society where the demarcation between the abler and the disabled vanishes. Thus the integration of bioelectronics with automotive systems is essential to develop efficient and futuristic vehicles, which shall be witnessed soon helping the disabled in every manner in the field of transportation.