15-12-2012, 05:07 PM
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTS
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INTRODUCTION
Construction in India
India has a great heritage of construction work. The
earliest known organised structures at Mohenjo Daro date back to
3000 B.C. Skills in construction work is evident in the structures
such as Meenakshi temple at Madurai, cave temples at Ellora and
the Tajmahal. During the period of British, construction was
confined to certain irrigation schemes, and to the development of
urban areas.
After the independence, the Government adopted
different plans for fast development of the country. The
Government spent crores of rupees for the construction of dams,
irrigation, and power projects, heavy industries, urban
development, communication etc.
At present the construction work in India is one of the
most widespread activities, involving a range of people from the
small builder in villages and towns to large private companies,
public undertakings and various state agencies.
Construction team
The construction team includes the owner, engineers and
builders.
The owner is an individual, group, private or public body
that promotes the work and provides finances and facilities for its
execution.
The engineer is responsible for the economical and safe
design and construction of the work under his supervision. The
builder may be any one from a small contractor to a large
construction company undertaking projects worth crores of
rupees.
Scientific Methods of Construction Management
Scientific methods are adopted in construction
management to carry out the construction work in a systematic
and economical manner. Scientific management is an approach
to management, where in procedures followed are not based on
traditional thumb rules but are carefully planned and analysed.
The aim of scientific management is to organise and
execute the work, results in maximum productivity out of each
worker.
Scientific methods of management are depends on
network techniques which involves graphical representation of
inter-relationship among the elements of a project.
Job Planning
While planning a construction project usually it is needed
to divide the entire project for phasing out the sequence of
construction, and for dividing the operation of one phase into
number of jobs.
Each job has to be planned with respect to the following:
1. Method of execution of the work: Whether the work is executed
departmentally or through contract.
2. Duration of the job: This depends upon the urgency of the work
and availability of the resources of the construction work.
3. Planning of resources: The job should be planned such that the
resources of construction i.e. man power and material should be
used economically.
Pretender planning
The contractor does pretender planning after receipt of
tender notice and before submitting a bid. This helps the
contractor in making a proper bid for the contract.
Pretender plan includes the following steps.
(i) Careful study of the drawings, time limit and other conditions
of the work
(ii) Working out the quantities of required material, labour,
equipment and their availability etc.
(iii) Studying the bidding trends of other competitors.
(iv) Considering the profit margin and limits of risks that could be
taken.
Scheduling
Scheduling means the preparation in advance of a list of
different activities and their order of sequence to carry out any
work as per the planned programmme.
For completing a project as per the plan, scheduling
should be known to not only to the project managers, but also to
all the links in the system namely engineers, supervisors,
contractors and other coordinating agencies.
Scheduling includes the following:
1. Determination of the amount of work to be done.
2. The order in which the work is to be performed at each stage
3. The time when each part of the work will start.
4. Allocation of the quantity and rate of output of departments.
5. The date of starting of each unit of work at each stage along
the route to be followed.
Advantages of Scheduling
For construction work of any importance, planning and
scheduling is indispensable the following advantages are
obtained thereby.
1. Alternative methods of construction and the effects of likely
constraints can be examined at the planning stage and the most
economical methods identified.
2. The time of starting each activity is known and therefore prior
and adequate arrangements for the provision of resources, such as
men, material, machines and money at each stage of construction
can be made.
Procurement of labour, material and equipment
In any construction project, it is necessary to estimate the
required labour, material and equipment required for completion
of the project. This can be done with the help of construction
schedules. Separate schedules are prepared for labour, material
and equipment.
These schedules help in procurement of labour, material
and equipment at proper time and their efficient usage and
storage.