22-05-2013, 12:25 PM
Lightning
Lightning.doc (Size: 288.5 KB / Downloads: 29)
INTRODUCTION
Everyone in this world dream to lead their lives more luxurious in future. What should they need to bring their dreams to be come true is A lots and lots of energyWhere do we get that much of energy? Definitely we can’t reach through the non renewable resources. We should move on to the renewable resources but everything has it has its own disadvantages. The only renewable resources that could produce that much of energy in a very short span is ‘lightning’.
In this paper we discuss what is meant by lightning, the different ways for capturing the energy, the different methods for storing the energy, and how it is transmitted.
Definition Of Lightning:
“A lightning is a flash which transfers a very huge charge of 1020 electrons within in short span of 1millisecond”.
A lightning can develop peak current upto1000 kilo amperes, generating a voltage of several million volts and a power of several hundreds of mega watts.A lightning is a very dense ray of charges which need its opposite charge to get bounded and neutralize.
How It Is Generated:
The energy coming from the lightning need not need any separate generating station to convert it into electricity it just need to be captured and the captured energy is then should be stored and then transmitted.
Thunder is the sound caused by lightning. Depending on the nature of the lightning and distance of the listener, thunder can range from a sharp, loud crack to a long, low rumble (brontide). The sudden increase in pressure and temperature from lightning produces rapid expansion of the air surrounding and within a bolt of lightning. In turn, this expansion of air creates a sonic shock wave, similar to a sonic boom, which produces the sound of thunder, often referred to as a clap, crack, or peal of thunder. The distance of the lightning can be calculated by the listener based on the time interval from when the lightning is seen to when the sound is heard.
Cause:
The cause of thunder has been the subject of centuries of speculation and scientific inquiry. The first recorded theory is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the third century BC, and an early speculation was that it was caused by the collision of clouds. Subsequently, numerous other theories were proposed. By the mid-19th century, the accepted theory was that lightning produced a vacuum. In the 20th century a consensus evolved that thunder must begin with a shock wave in the air due to the sudden thermal expansion of the plasma in the lightning channel.[1] The temperature inside the lightning channel, measured by spectral analysis, varies during its 50 μs existence, rising sharply from an initial temperature of about 20,000 K to about 30,000 K, then dropping away gradually to about 10,000 K. The average is about 20,400 K (20,100 °C; 36,300 °F).[2] This heating causes it to expand outward, plowing into the surrounding cooler air at a speed faster than sound would travel in that cooler air. The outward-moving pulse that results is a shock wave,[3] similar in principle to the shock wave formed by an explosion, or at the front of a supersonic aircraft. Experimental studies of simulated lightning have produced results largely consistent with this model, though there is continued debate about the precise physical mechanisms of the process.[4][1] Other causes have also been proposed, relying on electrodynamic effects of the massive current acting on the plasma in the bolt of lightning.[5] The shockwave in thunder is sufficient to cause injury, such as internal contusion, to individuals nearby.[6] Inversion thunder results when lightning strikes between cloud and ground occur during a temperature inversion. In such an inversion, the air near the ground is cooler than the higher air. The sound energy is prevented from dispersing vertically as it would in a non inversion and is thus concentrated in the near ground layer. Inversions often occur when warm moist air passes above a cold front; the resulting thunder sound is significantly louder than it would be if heard at the same distance in a non inversion condition.
Introduction of large rods:
The energy that is captured by the balloon is then transmitted to the storing devices for storage. Introduction of large rods:
The energy coming from the lightning can also be captured by introducing large rods on the ground. These show a path of less capacitance to the lightning and hence it captures the energy. These rods should be very hard in order to capture that much amount of energy. A specially designed buffer and transformer materials are used to safely capture and harness that power.
A team of European scientists has a deliberately triggered electrical activity in thunder clouds for the first time by aiming high-power pulses of laser light into a thunderstorm.
Ball lightning:
Ball lightning may be an atmospheric electrical phenomenon, the physical nature of which is still controversial. The term refers to reports of luminous, usually spherical objects which vary from pea-sized to several meters in diameter.[107] It is sometimes associated with thunderstorms, but unlike lightning flashes, which last only a fraction of a second, ball lightning reportedly lasts many seconds. Ball lightning has been described by eyewitnesses but rarely recorded by meteorologists.[108] Scientific data on natural ball lightning is scarce owing to its infrequency and unpredictability. The presumption of its existence is based on reported public sightings, and has therefore produced somewhat inconsistent findings.
Laboratory experiments have produced effects that are visually similar to reports of ball lightning, but at present, it is unknown whether these are actually related to any naturally occurring phenomenon. One theory is that ball lightning may be created when lightning strikes silicon in soil, a phenomenon which has been duplicated in laboratory testing.[109] Given inconsistencies and the lack of reliable data and completely contradicting and unpredictable behavior, the true nature of ball lightning is still unknown[110] and was often regarded as a fantasy or a hoax.
STORE OF LIGHT ENERGY
Now we have a very huge amount charge and the next problem is how to store this much amount of charge .the only thing which can immediately can store the charge is capacitor. The design of my storing capacitor is In the first part the total negative charge which is taken from the lightning is accumulated .the second part is the place where the total positive charge which is taken from the earth is accumulated. In the third part a dielectric medium is placed which is having high capacity to separate the two charges. In my capacitor I will use vacuum which does not allow the charge to pass through it. The fourth parts are the knobs which are connected to the ground in order to accumulate the positive charge from the ground. The fifth parts are the connecting wires comes one from 1st plate and another from the 2nd plate which is required to take back the stored charges.
Grid energy storage:
Grid energy storage (or large-scale energy storage) lets energy producers send excess electricity over the electricity transmission grid to temporary electricity storage sites that subsequently become energy suppliers when electricity demand is greater. Grid energy storage is particularly important in matching supply and demand over a 24 hour period of time.
A proposed variant of grid energy storage is called Vehicle-to-Grid energy storage system, where modern electric vehicles that are plugged into the energy grid can release the stored electrical energy in their batteries back into the grid when needed
Storage of light energy by photoelectron:
Common strategy for storage of solar energy involves the photoexcitation of a donor molecule D followed by electron transfer to an acceptor A. To exploit this strategy in a practical context, a way must be found to impede the back-reaction in which the electron is transferred from A to D (ref. 1). Previous attempts to achieve long-lived charge separation have involved the use of D–A combinations held in well defined geometries by spacer groups2,3 or immobilized on supports such as porous media4–12. Immobilization of the redox species poses problems, however, for their subsequent separation in order to reclaim the stored energy. Here we report a system that achieves efficient D–A electron transfer, a slow back-reaction and easy separation of the products. We trap the photo sensitizer donor, trisbipyridine ruthenium (II), in the super cages of zeolite Y, and use as the acceptor a neutral, zwitter ionic viologen in the surrounding solution.
Electron transfer from the ruthenium centre to the viologen is mediated by N,N′-tetramethylene-2,2′-bipyridinium ions loaded into the zeolite by ion exchange. Isolation of the donor within the zeolite from the acceptor in the solution outside makes the photo chemically generated products easily accessible. Practical utilization of this trimolecular redox assembly will, however, require improvement of the quantum yield.
CONCLUSION
As we are getting this much huge amount of energy from the lightning. I hope that this process to be implemented which can change the entire future.
In this paper we discuss what is meant by lightning, the different ways for capturing the energy, the different methods for storing the energy, and how it is transmitted.
By using this technique in order control time and this is reliable and efficient way.This technique does not affect the atmosphere.