22-09-2016, 04:34 PM
1455782042-STUDYOFTHEFEATURESOFTATRATRUCK.pptx (Size: 422.08 KB / Downloads: 5)
ABSTRACT
We know that trucks and buses, are used for transporting goods and people one place to another place. The road vehicles are passing on roads by road wheels. All roads are not uniform in condition. The roads are divided by highway roads and off-road. On highways there is no create problem to drive vehicle. When comes off road condition there are so many path holes and also unequal roads.
Where in field of mining and military there roads are fully different compare to normal road.
In this project we are studying about TATRA TRUCKS. In this, different types of tatra trucks used in mining and military are studied. We also study the features of TATRA TRUCKS.
The main features are central load-carrying tube and axles with independently suspended swinging half-axles bolted together into a single unit and air cooled v- engine etc
INTRODUCTION TO TRUCKS
A truck is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, with the smallest being mechanically similar to an automobile. Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful, and may be configured to mount specialized equipment, such as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixers and suction excavators. Modern trucks are powered by either gasoline or diesel engines, with diesel dominance in commercial applications. In the European Union vehicles with a gross combination mass of less than 3,500 kilograms (7,716 lb) are known as light commercial vehicles and those over as large goods vehicles
CABS
The cab is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A "sleeper" is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks.
There are several possible cab configurations:
"Cab over engine" (COE) or "flat nose"; where the driver is seated above the front axle and the engine. This design is almost everywhere in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated, but also widely used in the rest of the world as well. They were common in North America, but lost importance when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. To access the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of "tilt-cab". This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe where many roads follow the layout of much more ancient path, and trackways which require the additional turning capability given by the short wheelbase of the cab over engine type. The COE design was invented by Viktor Schreckengost.
ENGINE
The oldest truck was built in 1896 by Gottlieb Daimler. Most small trucks such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs) or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America and Russia will use petrol engines (gasoline engines), but many diesel engined models are now being produced. Most of the heavier trucks use four stroke diesel engine with a turbocharger and aftercooler. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine. Diesel engines are becoming the engine of choice for trucks ranging from class 3 to 8 GVWs.
North American manufactured highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as CAT, Cummins, or Detroit Diesel.[citation needed]
In the European Union, all new lorry engines must comply with Euro 5 emission regulations.
Environmental effects
Trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution similarly to automobiles. Trucks may emit lower air pollution emissions than cars per equivalent vehicle mass, although the absolute level per vehicle distance traveled is higher, and diesel particulate matter is especially problematic for health. With respect to noise pollution, trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical car; this contrast is particularly strong with heavy-duty trucks. There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from tires rolling on the roadway, and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a turbocharger on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an exhaust brake retarder when traversing a downgrade. There has been noise regulation put in place to help control where and when the use of engine braking retarders are allowed.
Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on global warming. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20%, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.
In 2005, transportation accounted for 27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector.
Between 1985 and 2004, in the U.S., energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53%, while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43%.
MINIMUM DESIGNS FOR TRUCK
Factors that influence design vehicle selection are as follows:
the type and frequency of use by large vehicles
consequences of encroachment into other lanes or the roadside
availability of right-of-way
Functional class of intersecting routes and location (urban versus rural) affect this selection in a general sense. Project-specific traffic data, specifically the frequency of use by the various design vehicle classes, is often the most important consideration in the selection process. The Transportation Planning and Programming Division (TPP) may be contacted to obtain volume data for the various vehicle classes.
Minimum turning path templates for single unit trucks or buses, semi-trailer combinations with wheelbases of 40, 50 and 62 ft [12.2, 15.24 and 18.9 m], and double-trailer combination with wheelbase of 67 ft [20.43 m] are shown in Figures 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, and 7-6 respectively. The AASHTO publication A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets provides additional information on turning paths and turning radii of these and other vehicles.
TATRA ENGINE
The engine is a directly air-cooled eight-cylinder diesel engine with direct fuel injection, ‘V’ cylinder configuration (opening angle of 90°) with a displacement of 12.7 litres, turbocharged with a CAC (charged air cooler) situated directly above the engine.
The engine is equipped with a mechanically controlled in-line injection pump. A roller bearing crankshaft bolted together from individual segments is among the unique technical solutions
Disadvantages
Manufacturing the backbone chassis is more complicated and more costly. However, the more axles with all-wheel drive are needed, the cost benefit turns in favor of backbone chassis.
The backbone chassis is heavier for a given torsional stiffness than a uni-body.
The chassis gives no protection against side impacts