11-10-2016, 12:14 PM
The Effect of Poverty, Social Inequity, and Maternal Education on Infant Mortality in Nicaragua, 1988-1993
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• This study is about how the effects of individual poverty effects infant mortality rate in low income countries specifically Nicaragua.
Main Points:
• There is a strong correlation between mothers who live in poverty and do not have an education and infant death rate.
• Infants whose mothers were more educated had a lower risk of dying because their level of education can determine how they can provide for their children.
• The idea of monetary poverty (low income) is not the primary focus in this article; rather it talks about what people are capable of doing based on whether or not they have access to their basic needs.
• Being located rurally or urbanely can affect the chances an infant has at surviving based on how these basic needs are met unique to each location.
Hypothesis(es):
• The level of individual poverty in a low-income country, Nicaragua is connected with child mortality; this relationship might be further changed by the predominant economic and financial states that encompass society. However the more a mother has an instructive education they anticipate that the mortality rate will decrease among infants despite their individual levels of poverty
Theoretical Framework:
• Ultimately in poorer households in a low income country it is usually the mother who takes care of her so if she is the main care taker and was capable of being more equipped knowledge wise on things like health care it can influence the well-being of the infants.
• The salary or the amount that is earned in household is only relevant in that it can contribute to attaining the basic needs like clothing, housing, health care and education.
• Education in this article does not necessarily refer to a formal schooling type of education but rather one that can enrich enough knowledge to put into practice given their socioeconomic situation, how to actively deal with something.
• This measure is specific to low income countries where the majority are low income earners.
• Population: 195 000 inhabitantsfromLeon, Nicaragua
• Nature of data: Qualitative and Quantitative
• Time Dimension: Cohort Study
• Sampling: A sample of 10 867 women aged 15 to 49, all reproductive information was recorded and the mother’s age and parity were calculated at the birth of each child. Four categories were formed to describe her position in the household and her education.
• Data-CollectionTechnique: Interviews by female interviewers
• Most aspects were covered the only thing was that they did not take into consideration the individual mother’s feelings or biases towards children (psychological toll), given their circumstances of poverty.
Conclusions:
Most infant deaths were caused by poor households in poor environments located in urban areas of Nicaragua. A mother’s educational status is only influential in a poorer household since that knowledge can help with survival and protection.
References:
Peña, R., Wall, S., &Persson, L. (2000). The Effect of Poverty, Social Inequity, and Maternal Education on Infant Mortality in Nicaragua, 1988-1993. American Journal Of Public Health, 90(1), 64-69.
Article 2: “Homicide in Chile: Trends 2000 – 2012”
• This study evaluates the factors that play into homicide and how it factors into death rate particularly in Chile.
Main Points:
• Aggressive behavior is particular to certain regions.
• Regions that have a lot to do with drugs, abandonment and permissible (sometimes not but through corruption becomes permissible) access to weaponry.
• Men seem to gravitate towards violence significantly higher than women in Chile.
• A whole country’s level of security is questionable when homicide rates are so high.
Thesis:
• Because homicide is a main cause of death rate in Chile, they want to observe how those factors come into play with regards to aggregated regional population safety and coexistence.
Theoretical Framework:
• Focus on the idea that homicide is an act of aggression
• They look at the effect of time by specifying data over certain years
• The influence of gender and age group (25-39 year olds)
• If where they are situated geographically has something to do with their levels of aggression
• What type of assaults were occurring and when
• The fluctuation of population determines likely hood of these criminal activities
Methods:
• Population: Population based study
• Nature of Data: Both but predominately quantitative
• Time Dimension: Cross-sectional
• Sampling:Sampled by year, geographic distribution, gender, age group and type of homicide they would compare it to the changes in yearly percentages
• Data-Collection Technique: From a data base: National Office of the Chilean Forensic Medical Service, Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), and the regional office of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Americas
Conclusion:
Because this study is meant to describe certain trends in Chile, it does not draw a particular conclusion to one specific theme, however the individual information depending on the variable (i.e gender or age group, etc) it can add to the work of forensics.