22-10-2012, 02:25 PM
Soap
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Sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids, are soaps, commonly stearic acid and palmitic acid i.e. soaps are mainly sodium stearate, C17H35 COONA or sodium palmitate, C15H31COONA. Soaps are made from animal fats and vegetable oils. Fats and oils are ester of higher fatty acids and glycerol. The esters of glycerol and higher fatty acids are called glycerides. When oils and fats are heated with a solution of sodium hydroxide, they break down to sodium salt of the respective fatty acids (are called soaps) and glycerol. This process is called Saponification.
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP
Soap is good cleansing agent and it 100% biodegradable i.e. micro-organism present in sewage water can completely oxidize soap. Therefore, soaps donot cause any pollution problem.
It is not the soap which directly washes away the dirt or oil when applied on dirty or oily cloth. Rather, it is the foam of leather which carried away the dirt and oil by foaming emulsion, when excess of water is put on the dirty cloth along with soap. From or lather being formed on dissolution of soap in water. This fact is also supported by the observation that hard water is not suitable useful for washing purpose.
Theory
There is no quantitative method form the determination of foaming capacity of soap. However, the foaming capacity of different soaps can be compared qualitatively by the following way -:
Solutions of different soaps are prepared by dissolving their equal volumes of distilled water. These solutions are shaken by vigorously to produce foam and then allowed to stand. Time taken for the disappearance of foam are measured for different samples. Longer then time taken for disappearance of foam in a given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity.
Procedure
1. Take four 250 ml. beakers and number them 1,2,3 and 4 respectively.
2. Weight 5g of each of different samples of soap provided.
3. Dissolve each of these weight samples in 50 ml of distilled water separately, in different conical flasks. Label the solution as 1,2,3,4.
4. Take 20 ml. of these test tube and add 10 ml. distilled water of each of them. Then add 1 ml of different soap solutions separately in different test tube and correspondingly mark the test tube.
5. Cork the test tubes tightly. Take test tubes no. 1 and shake it vigorously for a minute. Place the test tube in test tube stand and start the stop watch immediately.