01-10-2014, 03:30 PM
Study of Appropriateness of Cost-Effective Building Construction
Technologies in Housing Sector in India
Study of Appropriateness.pdf (Size: 1.39 MB / Downloads: 26)
Introduction
Housing shortage in India
In order to meet growing demand of housing, government of India
has planned to provide shelter for every shelter-less people and also
to build disaster-resistant housing in rural and urban areas. Different
government schemes of mass housing are being implemented to cater
to the need of housing. In India the buildings constructed under mass
housing schemes are all low-energy buildings.
Review of available CECTs in India and their appropriateness
based on acceptance criteria
Some of the widely practiced CECTs in India are (i) Compressed
Stabilised Earth Block (CSEB), (ii) Bamboo-Reinforced Cement
Concrete (BRCC), (iii) Rat-trap bond Wall and Filler Slab. Several other
technologies and alternate materials promoted by different research
organisations including Central Building Research Institute are also
capable to reduce cost in building construction. But their production
and use require either special machinery or special craftsman. Those
are, therefore, have very much limited use in different showcase
projects at small pockets within the country. Society for excellence
in Habitat development, Environment protection and Employment
generation has compiled the ‘Environment Friendly Indian Building
Material Technologies for Cost Effective Housing’. The said document
has discussed on 25 such materials/technologies, out of which 15 are
for structural part of the building. Among those, except materials like
CSEB, Clay Flyash Burnt Bricks, Marble Slurry Bricks, and technology
like Rat-trap Bond Brick Masonry Wall, all other requires either
special machinery or specially trained manpower for production and
construction.
As per the Census reports of India and other reports by different
Government Departments, the house types are gradually transforming
to Permanent (“Pucca” Houses – in which the walls and roof of which
are made of permanent material) and Semi Permanent (“Semi Pucca
Houses” – in which either the walls or the roof is made of permanent
material) types from Temporary (“Kutcha Houses” - in which both
the walls and roof are made of materials that needs to be replaced
frequently) in both rural and urban areas. “Report of Technical Group
on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) (2012-2017)” prepared by the
National Building Organisation of India (2012) is the latest document
available in this subject which have thoroughly investigated through
primary survey, the rural to urban shift of labour resulting in shortage
of dwelling houses in urban areas of India – particularly in the Lower
Income Group (LIG) and Economically Weaker Section (EWS)
segment. Draft prepared in 2012 by the Working Group on Rural
Housing for XII Five Year Plan, 2011, Ministry of Rural Development,
Govt. of India, has provided a detailed study and analysis on housing
shortage in rural areas. Need of introduction and use of eco-friendly
and cost-effective housing technologies were included in the document
under clause 5.3.1(iii).
Assessing the guiding criteria for acceptability of construction
technologies and building materials
Safety, capital cost (production and construction), comfort,
expenditure on maintenance, availability of materials and artisans,
aesthetics and to some extent the societal status are guiding criterion
of acceptability of building construction technologies in India. A small
sample survey was undertaken among people belonging to Higher
Income Group (HIG), Middle Income Group (MIG) and Lower Income
Group/Economically Weaker Section (LIG/EWS) at six towns and
suburbs to get an idea of people’s perception about the above factors.
They were requested to assign priority ratings ranging between 0-5 on
the guiding criteria. The results are indicated in Figure 1.
Conclusion
From the above study and analysis it can be concluded that Rat