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Abstract— Each year, the number of stolen vehicle is on the
rise. Usually, to prevent theft, a physical type countermeasure is
used such as padlock, disk break lock and other more which is a
preventive action but it is not enough safe. The objective of this
study is to create a controllable system that can display the
location of a vehicle using Global position system (GPS) to pin
point the location and Global System for Mobile (GSM) as a
mean for communicating with the vehicle for ease of finding after
a theft attempt. The system is made to test the accuracy of the
location that is send to the user when the vehicle is in motion and
stationary in the city and suburb. The system is made by
combining a micro controller with GPS and GSM, then
comparing it with other similar device available in the market
like Garmin and a reference website to find the radius of error.
The study of proposed device begins by studying IEEE journal
about alternative product and the vehicle itself. The hardware
and program development is done by research and trial and
error as the controller do not interact with both module at the
same time, after successfully programming both module, it is
combined into a single program with addition of interrupt
program. The experiment is done in three set of tests so that the
system accuracy can be determine when stationary and in motion
on vehicle, output controlling is the test to determine if the
controller can be made into anti-theft system. The result of the
test concludes that the system can provide standard GPS
coordinate when requested via Short Message Service (SMS).
The system can also be used to control an actuator.
. INTRODUCTION
Statistic for 2010 shows that there are over 20 million
vehicles in Malaysia and about 45% are motorcycles. This
number increased about 10 percent yearly and mainly about
75% are purchases in big cities such as Kuala Lumpur and
Selangor [1]. From the research done by Ministry of Transport,
more than 26,000 units of motorcycles were sold during early
2012. As the number of vehicle increases, the number of
problems associated with them also increases such as traffic
jam, vandalism and theft. Each day about seventy motorcycles
are stolen with many cases remain unsolved increasing every
passing year [2]. This is a serious matter and if it is not
stopped, it will cripple the motorcycle industry. To prevent
such crime, there should be a better security system for the
vehicle.
Currently, the only type of safety product widely
available for motorcycles are physical locks only such as
padlock, chain lock and other physical lock, which tend to fail
most of the time due to the fact that they are easily picked or
broken. Some quality safety product that are better than others
had a very expensive price due to their safety features and for
that reason Malaysian motorcyclist cannot afford such things
while cheap locks will erode in due time due to wear and tear.
Even if the lock is quality lock, the thief can simply lift the
motorcycle into a van and take it away. Another type of lock is
electronic lock, which is structured of alarm system and
disabler system or immobilizer. The alarm system buzz sounds
when the vehicle is tampered with and indicates that theft is in
progress and the system done by Nasir and Mansor designed to
stop engine if the position of sensor and key is not at the right
place. The systems only unlock engine function by sending
sequence of instruction to controller via SMS thus the system is
an immobilizer [3].
In the study of vehicle location with GPS and GSM
based system, many shows that the system is working but only
a fraction shows the system’s accuracy in an environment. The
system proposed by Hoang Dat Pham, Drieberg, M. and Chi
Cuong Nguyen shows that the location finder base on GPS and
GSM system is compared to two Garmin device system and the
result set is show the device have almost the coordinated is two
other Garmin system. The idea from the paper is to compare
the proposed system with other system similar to the device to
determine the accuracy of the system and show the magnitude
of error in which the received data lied in [4,5]. In the case of
Ahmad Fuad and Drieberg, the system utilizes GSM/GPRS
with internet to connect to Google Maps to determine the
location of the vehicle. It shows a good result. by using the
Google map the user can pin point the location of the vehicle
without the use of other base on the the paper does not show
the accuracy of the system [6].
One of the paper done by Qingcai Huang, Donghong
Li and Qingyun Huang shows the system being tested when
the vehicle is moving and the system is presented as a guarding
device against theft by sending the owner the location of the
vehicle when it stops moving. This also has no result to
determine the accuracy of the system [7]. Paper stated by LeTien
and Vu Phung demonstrate a system that is always being
monitor by a supervise system and show the current location of the vehicle on Google map, the GPS continuously update the
current coordinate to the controller and periodically send SMS
to supervise system to store the path that the vehicle have taken
[8]. It give an idea about the GPS coordinate need to update
regularly so that the user constantly know position of the
vehicle. The two system develop by two party Hu Jian-ming,
Li Jie with Li Guang-Hui, and Qiang Liu, Huapu Lu,
Hongliang Zhang and Bo Zou show that the controller can be
made to sense the environment for an attempt of theft quickly
send a SMS to the user indicate the vehicle have been tamper
with [9,10]. Thought it is a good measure to act when the theft
is in the act, the consideration can only be made to the
controller a output system as an acting physical lock with the
right tool.
A good system is determined by a certain margin of
error whereupon if the system allows a minimum error then it
is a good system. In this paper the proposed system undergoes
a set of tests to see how the system performed practically. The
test consists of sending data location to user, sending data
when moving, and controlling actuator.
II. THEORETICAL BAKGROUND
A. Global Position System (GPS)
GPS satellites periodically send radio signals to provide
data about their location, status and precise time with on board
atomic clock, which would be considered as {t1}. The GPS
module on Earth will then receive the signal at the exact time
considered as {t2}. The signal is then calculated to find the
distances of the satellites in view. When the GPS module has at
least 4 satellites’ signal in the distance than it can use
trigonometry to triangulate its location on earth in three
dimensions. To calculate its distance from a satellite, a GPS
device applies this formula to the satellite’s signal:
Distance = rate x time (1)
where rate is c, which is the speed of light and time is how
long the signal travelled through space, which is t2-t1[11].
B. Global System for Mobile (GSM)
Global System for Mobile communications was a standard
used in long distance data transfer with the use of cell network.
Each network uses elevated tower that consists of transceivers
which relays the data from one tower to another tower until it
reaches the network provider. Networks used TMDA protocol
to share the same frequency with multiple users [12]. Icomsat
1.1 system is embedded with voice caller and text message.
The power source should be 4.2 volt and a high current of 3A.
It can be linked to a computer using DB9 header and simple
RS232 board with Hyper Terminal software. It uses AT
command for SIM900 to configure the module
Global System for Mobile (GSM)
GSM was operated with 5 volt external power. The device
has digital 54 out/in pin with 15 pins provide Pulse wave
modulation (PWM) function and 16 analogue pins. The
controller has large storage memory of 256KB with 8KB used
by the boot loader and speed capability of 16MHz. The
controller can communicate with serial port to other devices
with four serial ports and five external interrupts. The
controller is programmed with Arduino software that comes
with pre-burned boot loader so that it can upload with new
code without external programmer. It communicates using
STK500 protocol (C header files)
METHODOLOGY
There are three stage of hardware development which is
hardware connection, programming hardware integration and
information extraction and distribution to user programming.
The prototype device follow certain step in execute the
program such as base information extraction then command
instruction for further stage of the execution. The methodology
used to develop the project involves couple process for the
system.
Hardware and Software Identification
The journal and article finding indicate that GPS module
must be high sensitivity antenna with low power consumption,
to maximize battery use. The GSM module must be standard tri
band that supported by Malaysia cell phone provider with
compliant with latest AT instruction set. The controller must at
least have two or more UART port to connect with other
module with proper language for coding.
B. Hardware and Software Development
The proposed system is actually a combination of multiple
systems consisting of controller (Arduino), location finder
device (GPS) and communicator (GSM). The device
connected by universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
(UART) ports at the controller. The controller has multiple
UARTs that can handle the two devices together at the same time. The controller of Arduino uses C language; the
controller is to program the GSM and GPS. Controller is to
interrupt the two module using the command (if serial
available) when the module instead of the other is needed in
the program [15, 16]. The GSM module UART must be turn
on using Arduino Serial. Begin depending on the device baud
rate which is set at 9600. The AT instruction set is to control
the GSM module for the program reading and sending SMS
such as the AT CMGS to set the module to SMS function. AT
instruction set is made available in the internet. The GPS use
TINY library which is made as open source code, it have been
pre coded and the data can be extract by simple program and
store as variable.
Static Vehicle Position Test
The result of each GPS coordinate check on the GPS
coordinate website to see if the GPS send the right coordinate
than it is calculate for the distance difference between actual
and result on the internet. This test was done at 10 difference
places show that the device have mean radius of 20 meter
accuracy for suburb area and 18 meter in city. The differences
between result is due to hardware limitation of TC 35 compare
to Sim900 module, the Sim900 module quickly send
coordinate upon request reducing the change in satellite
position. It is a good find as the radius of search is small if
thefts happen. It is not as good as the Garmin module
nevertheless it is within acceptable mean. The GPS coordinate
results in suburb and city for a static and moving testing was
tabulated in Table I and Table II.
B. Moving Vehicle Position Test
The system test in motion shows that is the system is
working well finding coordinates for moving location. The
moving test have difference result, double the result based on
previous test at 45 meter radius for suburb and 33 meter for
city due to the satellite signal new coordinate as the vehicle is
moving , so the faster the vehicle moving the bigger radius
error. This also contributes to the fact that the coordinate is
update regularly and fast. This shows that commercial GPS
product is reliable due to its better in providing data.
CONCLUSIONS
The system can be used as location detector and possible
guarding tool against vehicle theft. The accuracy of data is
proof that the error is within tolerance to find the vehicle when
theft happens. However, it can be further developed into a
more accurate system with better GPS module like AGPS and
with Cell Tower Triangulation systems programmed in the
controller so that if the signal is lost an assisting system or
program can pin point the coordinate without the signal of
satellite. It is more reliable than standalone GPS module but it
is more complicated and more expensive. The hardware part
can be designed to reduce battery consumption as the current
drain power quickly or the hardware is made to connect to
vehicle alternator to charge the battery when the vehicle is
running.