06-10-2016, 03:36 PM
1458080244-WATERSAVINGjss.docx (Size: 2.58 MB / Downloads: 6)
ABSTRACT
In this project we give a idea of automatic water filling system. If we want to water on desired level then system automatically sense this level and control the water on desired level on the bases of sensing module. System automatically check the water in sever pipe. water is available in sever in pipe system operate the pump automatically and fill the tank/field . but for water saving and energy saving it sense the level of water in tank .in case of tank is full system automatically weep the buzzer and off the pump
PROBLEM CONTENT:
• Components availability.
• How to decide value of components.
• Circuit designing.
• How to give the effort of soldering properly.
• Programming of sensor,
• signal sending and.
• lcd interfacing.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
• circuit designing on proteus software.
• Pcb layout on ARES software.
• Programming language embedded c and assembly.
• How to use keil software.
• Generate the hel file.
• How toburn the ic.
• How to do the soldering.
TECHNICAL PROSPECTIVE IDEA:
• Printed circuit board size: 9x5.
• Mdf board size 18x12.
• Height 5cm.
PROJECT PRAPOSAL METHODOLOGY:
We make a project in different mode:
1. Ist mode:
In this mode we design over all frame script such as
• Idea of project,
• Components list,
• Circuit diagram.
2. 2nd mode:
In this mode we calculate the value of
• Components.
• Decide the component rating.
• Name of components that may be use in project.
• Purchase the components.
3. 3rd Mode:
• In this mode we design a circuit on pcb.
• Assemble the components.
• Test the soldering dry or not.
4. 4th mode:
in this mode we software for coding.
• We use keil software.
• We design a code in assembly or embedded c.
• We create the hex file.
5. 5th mode:
• in this mode we design a circuit diagram on proteus for simulation
• try to simulation on proteus.
6. 6th mode:
• In this mode we use the top-win software.
• We programmed the ic.
7. 7th mode :in this mode we test the features of project.
TESTING TOOL:
• Multi-meter.
• Switch.
• Battery.
• Cro.
• Scope.
• Led indication.
PERFORMANCE & EVOLUTION CRITERIA:
In this project we try to best effort of technical skill. My project is prediction of new invention. That provide new creation and scope in future.
This project demonstrate the proper working and provide complete character.
HARDWARE/COMPONENTS DETAIL:
• POWER SUPPLY
All digital circuits require regulated power supply. In this article we are going to learn how to get a regulated positive supply from the mains supply.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a constant regulated output voltage. voltage regulator can be of two types
1) Linear Voltage Regulator
Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they dissipate the excessive voltage resistively as heat.
2) Switching Regulators.
They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current ON/OFF very rapidly. Since their output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low power thus achieving higher efficiency as compared to linear voltage regulators. But they are more complex & generate high noise due to their switching action. For low level of output power switching regulators tend to be costly but for higher output wattage they are much cheaper than linear regulators.
The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX series where the XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative Voltage Regulators.
POWER SUPPLY
in this project we use one 5 volt regulated power supply to convert the 220 volt ac in to 5 volt dc with the help of the 5 volt regulator circuit. First OF all we step down the 220 volt ac into 6 volt ac with the help of step down transformer. Step down transformer step down the voltage from 220 volt ac to 9 volt ac. This ac is further converted into the dc voltage with the help of the full wave rectifier circuit
Output of the diode is pulsating dc . so to convert the pulsating dc into smooth dc we use electrolytic capacitor. Electrolytic capacitor convert the pulsating dc into smooth dc. This Dc is further regulated by the ic 7805 regulator. IC 7805 regulator provide a regulated 5 volt dc to the microcontroller circuit and lcd circuit.
Pin no 40 of the controller is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 20 is connected to the ground. Pin no 9 is connected to external resistor capacitor to provide a automatic reset option when power is on.
The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a sandwich of P-type semiconducting material, with contacts provided to connect the p-and n-type layers to an external circuit. This is a junction Diode. If the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material (cathode) and the negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a large current will flow. This is called forward current or forward biased.
If the connections are reversed, a very little current will flow. This is because under this condition, the p-type material will accept the electrons from the negative terminal of the battery and the N-type material will give up its free electrons to the battery, resulting in the state of electrical equilibrium since the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus there will be a small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased.
Thus the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one direction while blocking it in the other direction. Power diodes are used in concerting AC into DC. In this, current will flow freely during the first half cycle (forward biased) and practically not at all during the other half cycle (reverse biased). This makes the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into pulsating dc. Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener diodes are used in the circuit to control the voltage.
2. PHOTO DIODE:-
A photo diode is a junction diode made from photo- sensitive semiconductor or material. In such a diode, there is a provision to allow the light of suitable frequency to fall on the p-n junction. It is reverse biased, but the voltage applied is less than the break down voltage. As the intensity of incident light is increased, current goes on increasing till it becomes maximum. The maximum current is called saturation current.
3. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):-
When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction due to recombination of electrons and holes. In case of silicon and germanium diodes, the energy released is in infrared region. In the junction diode made of gallium arsenate or indium phosphide, the energy is released in visible region. Such a junction diode is called a light emitting diode or LED.
HOW LIGHT EMITTING DIODES WORK
Light emitting diodes, commonly called LEDs do dozens of different jobs and are found in all kinds of devices. Among other things, they form the numbers on digital clocks, transmit information from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your appliances are turned on. Collected together, they can form images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light.
Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. But unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as long as a standard transistor.
DIODE
A diode is the simplest sort of semiconductor device. A semiconductor is a material with a varying ability to conduct electrical current. Most semiconductors are made of a poor conductor that has had impurities (atoms of another material) added to it. The process of adding impurities is called doping.
In the case of LEDs, the conductor material is typically aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs). In pure aluminum-gallium-arsenide, all of the atoms bond perfectly to their neighbors, leaving no free electrons (negatively-charged particles) to conduct electric current. In doped material, additional atoms change the balance, either adding free electrons or creating holes where electrons can go. Either of these additions makes the material more conductive.
A semiconductor with extra electrons is called N-type material, since it has extra negatively charged particles. In N-type material, free electrons move from a negatively charged area to a positively charged area.
A semiconductor with extra holes is called P-type material, since it effectively has extra positively charged particles. Electrons can jump from hole to hole, moving from a negatively charged area to a positively charged area. As a result, the holes themselves appear to move from a positively charged area to a negatively charged area.
A diode comprises a section of N-type material bonded to a section of P-type material, with electrodes on each end. This arrangement conducts electricity in only one direction. When no voltage is applied to the diode, electrons from the N-type material fill holes from the P-type material along the junction between the layers, forming a depletion zone. In a depletion zone, the semiconductor material is returned to its original insulating state - all of the holes are filled, so there are no free electrons or empty spaces for electrons, and charge can't flow.
HOW CAN A DIODE PRODUCE LIGHT?
Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called photons, are the most basic units of light.
Photons are released as a result of moving electrons. In an atom, electrons move in orbitals around the nucleus. Electrons in different orbitals have different amounts of energy. Electrons with greater energy move in orbitals farther away from the nucleus.
For an electron to jump from a lower orbital to a higher orbital, something has to boost its energy level. Conversely, an electron releases energy when it drops from a higher orbital to a lower one. This energy is released in the form of a photon. A greater energy drop releases a higher-energy photon, which is characterized by a higher frequency.
As free electrons moving across a diode can fall into empty holes from the P-type layer. This involves a drop from the conduction band to a lower orbital, so the electrons release energy in the form of photons. This happens in any diode, but the photons are seen when the diode is composed of certain material. The atoms in a standard silicon diode, for example, are arranged in such a way that the electron drops a relatively short distance. As a result, the photon's frequency is so low that it is invisible to the human eye - it is in the infrared portion of the light spectrum. This isn't necessarily a bad thing, of course: Infrared LEDs are ideal for remote controls, among other things.
Visible light-emitting diodes (VLEDs), such as the ones that light up numbers in a digital clock, are made of materials characterized by a wider gap between the conduction band and the lower orbitals. The size of the gap determines the frequency of the photon -- in other words, it determines the color of the light.
While all diodes release light, most don't do it very effectively. In an ordinary diode, the semiconductor material itself ends up absorbing a lot of the light energy.
LEDs are specially constructed to release a large number of photons outward. Additionally, they are housed in a plastic bulb that concentrates the light in a particular direction. Most of the light from the diode bounces off the sides of the bulb, traveling on through the rounded end.