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Introduction
A situation of production waste has developed since the industrial revolution. As demand increased, the
manufacturing industry evolved and manual labour systems were replaced by mechanized manufacturing. This
allowed textile to be produced cheaper, quicker and in vast qualities. This has resulted in an overabundance of mass
produced cheap Textile production wastes fall into three categories : (a) trashy waste - waste which requires
cleaning before reprocessing, examples are blow room wastes, carding waste, card flat strips and filter waste; (b)
clean waste - waste which requires no further cleaning, examples are comber waste, card, draw frame and combed
sliver waste, filter waste from draw frames, speed frames, ring spinning frames and rotor spinning machines; ©
hard waste - waste
and often poor quality products and large volume of textile fibers waste that has limited end use applications.
Textile production wastes cover all those raw materials which are either accruing or being used in the textile
industry such as production remnants, wastes from fibre and filament manufacture, wastes from spinning, weaving,
knitting and making-up as well as reprocessed materials.
which requires opening on special machines, examples are twisted roving, yarns, and textile fabrics (woven rags and
knitted rags) [1]. In the past, waste produced during the manufacturing processes (spinning, weaving and knitting)
was normally collected and sold to the waste spinner for relatively low prices. Certain blending of wastes with good
materials was necessary in order to upgrade the quality of waste yarns produced and prevent excessive end breakage
rate during spinning.
With ever increasing price hike of both cotton and manmade fibres, most of the export avenues downing their
shutters, heavy investments on sophisticated machines and modernisation with doubtful returns and above all labour
demanding ever increasing wages with disproportionate and decreasing productivity, many of the textile mills are in
doldrums. Inflation and increasing unemployment have further reduced demands for garments and clothing. Hence
in order to survive the heavy competition, it is absolutely essential that waste incurred during manufacturing
processes should be brought within critical limits or recycled that waste to produce a value added products in place
of selling it at low price.
To overcome this problems number of company produced
silk and cotton waste, resulting in a composite with improved mechanical and physical properties [3]. Upholstery
and automotive needle punch fabric manufacturers experience an increased demand for polyester recycled fibres
different methods of recycling process. The company Ptaagonia in the US now recycles many garments made from
Polartec polyester fabric [2]. In Turkey, recycled polypropylene is reinforced with, for which conventional recycling
processes of making reclaimed fibres can well be used [4]. Denim cutting-room scraps pose an environmental and
economic problem. Burlington Industries and North Carolina State University have at last come up with a solution
and have developed a technique to make jeans, in part, from reclaimed denim. The denim is made from 50%
reclaimed denim yarn and 50% virgin cotton yarn [5]. Another innovative use of denim scraps is the manufacturing
of unbleached 100% cotton rag paper, called Blue Jean Bond, which is undertaken by Esleeck in the US.
Products made from recycled fabric waste include nonwovens used for insulation, padding, upholstery, oil filters,
hospital drapes and gowns, as well as a variety of absorbent products like disposable wipes, geotextiles, carpets,
fibrefill and spun-bonded fabrics from polyethylene. Many other products such as trims from unravelled knits are
also manufactured [4, 6]. Flocked fibres from finely cut fabric waste those are applied to adhesive-coated surfaces
and then used for various purposes for instance packaging materials for jewellery, is another practice [7].
A process for using recycled waste material for producing a textile product is provided. This process can include
collecting different categories of waste material from a variety of textile formation processes. The process can also
include selecting specific categories of waste material to be blended together depending on the final textile product
to be produced. Recycling of textile waste gives fiber a second life in a rejuvenated life cycle and thus increases the
total value of that recycled fibre. Still most of recycled fibres end up in low value products, so the development of
new higher value products from recycled fibres will encourage utilization of the waste fibres and contribute to the
future sustainability of industry.
Today, recycling has become a necessity not only because of the shortage of any item but also to control pollution.
There are three ways to reduce pollution. One is to use newer technologies that pollute less. The other is to
effectively treat the effluent so that the final effluent conforms to the expected norms. The third and the most
practical way are to recycle the waste several times before it is discharged [8].
In the study, the attempt has made to describe the wastage amount of various textile process along with their
classification, in addition to that it also describe textile recycling techniques. The target is to form different
categories of waste produced from different sources like, spinning, weaving, knitting and garment manufacturing. It
includes the waste that is recyclable along with its recycling process; on the other hand different application areas are also introduced.
Types of waste
Preconsumer Waste
Pre-consumer waste is a material that was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Pre-consumer recycled
materials can be broken down and remade into similar or different materials, or can be sold "as is" to third party
buyers Preconsumer textile waste usually refers to waste by-products from fiber, yarn, textile, and apparel
manufacturing. It can be mill ends, scraps, clippings, or goods damaged during production, and most is reclaimed
and reused as raw materials for the automotive, furniture, mattress, coarse yarn, home furnishing, paper, and other
industries [9].
Postconsumer Waste
Postconsumer textile waste usually refers to any product that the individual no longer needs and decides to discard
due to wear or damage and normally includes used or worn clothing, bed linens, towels, and other consumer
textiles. Postconsumer waste which can be recovered are clothing, drapes/curtains, towels, sheets and blankets,
clean rags and sewing remnants, table cloths belts hand bags paired shoes and socks [10].
Benefits of Recycling Waste
Using recycling waste can benefit both business and the environment by:
Reducing cost of purchasing materials.
Increasing profitability.
Minimizing costs of disposal and treatments.
Minimizing environmental impacts by reducing use of new raw materials and producing products from earlier
one.
Textile recycling requires less energy than any other type of recycling.
Textile recycling does not create any new hazardous waste or harmful by-products.
Method of converting old clothing into fibers
Before going into different applications of recycled fibers firstly we know about the procedure of converting old
clothes into fibres. Old clothes are converted into converted into strip- form of particular dimensions according to
specification of rag puller. (5) Then, the strips were distributed evenly on the feed lattice. As the strips were
delivered by means of feed roller, the torn-out garment strips were torn-off by the high speed spiked beater. The
fibres produced were collected at the container while the unfilled-opened strips were collected at the separator for
re-processing [11]
Uses and Ranges of Application for Recycled Textile Fibres
Reclaimed fibres can be manufactured from a variety of textile waste. Both quality and process ability of such fibres
depend on the kind of waste. Well-known are the pure sorted fibres of high-quality which are achieved from
spinning-fibre waste. In contrast, reclaimed fibres made from end-of-life textiles are of much poorer quality. They
will rarely be found of homogenous fiber type.
There are many ways open to using reclaimed fibres in both textile and non-textile products. The suitability of
processes depends on waste characteristics and on how much they cost. Yarns are a frequent example of how
reclaimed fibres can be used. Yarns made from reclaimed fibres may serve to produce fabrics for garment and
household textiles as well as for simple technical applications. However, as yarns made from reclaimed fibres, in
most cases, are grey or dark by nature, they are not frequently used in garment or household textiles. With technical
yarns, colour ranks in second place. Even special-purpose fibre materials are made into reclaimed fibres today.
In the following, a few examples of possible uses in the snonwovens, carpet, building, textiles, agricultural and
paper industries are given, but new ranges of application are opened up every day (see Figure 7.1). The various uses
mainly depend on how the textile and nonwovens waste is formed during the individual
Promoting waste avoidance on purely environmental reasons may not be sufficient. As costs for collection and
disposal services are not linked directly with the quantity and sorting of wastes generated through charging,
There is no financial incentive for waste producers to reduce waste.
Low values, high transportation cost or lack of market demand for recovered materials particularly.
The predominance of small and medium recovery and recycling enterp rises discourages investments in waste
recovery technologies
Energy recovery
Incineration with energy recovery is the dominant textile waste treatment technology in some countries, for
instance Sweden. Collected textile waste from bins and sacks is sent to incineration together with other collected
municipal waste. The recovered heat and power can potentially replace other sources of energy (Palm 2011).
Reuse of textiles
A share of the textiles and garments collected by charity organisations or collectors is transferred to second hand
shops with the aim of sending used clothes into the market. Large amounts of clothing of adequate quality are
shipped abroad for selling to other traders in Eastern Europe or Africa. 26,000 tonnes of collected used clothes and
shoes in Sweden were donated to Africa and Eastern Europe in 2008 (David Palm 2011) .
Another example of the reuse of textiles are the new concepts of reselling or swapping second hand clothes
through websites and online auctions that have emerged recently with the aim of extending the life span of
garments (
Recycling textiles
Another option for potentially saving resources in waste management is recycling. There are several different
technologies available or under development for recycling textile waste. This section summarises the different
textile recycling technologies.
Mechanical recycling of textile waste
Different mechanical techniques exist for recycling textile waste. The applicability of each technology depends on
the quality of the textile waste.
The most common mechanical recycling method is to cut and shred the fabric into small pieces which can be
used as filling in mattresses or upholstery, as insulation or as carpet underlay. The SOEX group
(www.soexgroup.com) has facilities in 10 different countries that apply mechanical recycling techniques to
convert more than 15000 tonnes of used clothing per year to insulation materials for construction and
automobiles.
Another mechanical recycling method is material reuse without shredding. In this process, pieces of textiles with
sufficiently high quality are separated and turned into different type
of products. Small-scale upcycling enterprises, such as Worn Again (www.wornagain.co.uk) and Loopt Works