24-11-2012, 02:43 PM
WHAT IS NANOROBOTS?
nanorobotics.pptx (Size: 9.24 MB / Downloads: 139)
Bigger Isn't Always Better
In 1959, Richard Feynman, an engineer at CalTech, issued a challenge to engineers everywhere. He wanted someone to build a working motor that could fit within a cube 1/64th of an inch on each side. His hope was that by designing and building such a motor, engineers would develop new production methods that could be used in the emerging field of nanotechnology. In 1960, Bill McLellan claimed the prize, having built a working motor to the proper specifications. Feynman awarded the prize even though McLellan built the motor by hand without devising any new production methodologies.
Chemical Nano Sensors
Electrofluidic allignment to get multielement system.
Passive and buried electrodes can be used to enable cross-section drive.
transistors for signal processing circuitry readout.
the antibody
anti-digoxigenin is included for modelling the IC biosensor.
the antibody serves to identify higher
concentrations of proteins that couple alpha-NAGA isoforms to intracellular bloodstream signaling
The nanobiosensor provides an efficient integrated way for nanorobots identifying the locations
with occurrences of alpha-NAGA
Enzyme secretion from cell hostage produces alpha-NAGA
overexpression, which is denoted by changes of gradients in the bloodstream
CMOS based nano wire sensor arrays
Chemical Nano Sensors Advantages
Decrease self heating drastically
Efficiently detect chemical changes
Low energy consumption
High resolution of sensors
Extremely small size achieved by 18 nm cmos technology.
Chemical Nano Sensors Disadvantage
Include quantum-mechanical tunneling for operation of thin oxide gates
subthreshold slope
bipolar effect and
hysteretic variations
Solution to Chemical Nano Sensors Limitations
Smaller channel length and lower voltage circuitry for higher performance are being achieved with biomaterials
aimed to attend the growing demand for high complex VLSIs
New materials such as strained channel with relaxed SiGe (silicon-germanium) layer can reduce self-heating and improve performance
Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) circuits and FinFETs double-gates have achievedastonishing results and according to the semiconductor roadmap should improve even more
Nano Actuators
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) alternative for nanomotors.
DNA & RNA also proposed
CNT serves well as nanomotors since its electrically conductive permits elctrostatically driven motion.
Integration of CMOS technology with CNT makes more advanced actuating syatems.
Nano BIOActuators
In the same way DNA can be used for
coupling energy transfer, and proteins serve as basis for ionic flux with electrical discharge ranges from
50-70 mV dc voltage gradients in cell membrane
CNT & CMOS based Nanoactuators
an array format based on CNTs and CMOS
techniques could be used to achieve nanomanipulators as an embedded system for integrating nanodevices of molecular machines.
Ion channels can interface electrochemical signals using sodium for the energy generation which is necessary for mechanical actuators operation.
Embedded actuators are programmed to perform different manipulations, enabling the nanorobot a direct active interaction with the bloodstream patterns and molecular parameters inside the body.
Data Transmission
To guide and navigate a nanobot inside a human body or any biological system , one need to communicate with that robot wirelessly in a efficient manner.
Main challenges are
Dynamic environment
Safety of human body from electrical signals
Error free communication guarding against all the noise signals which are more prominent in low level signal strengths.
Shielding the data from being corrupted due to electrical reactions occurring inside human body
RFID communication
In our molecular machine architecture, to successfully set an embedded antenna with 200nm size for
the nanorobot RF communication, a small loop planar device is adopted as an electromagnetic pick-up
having a good matching on low noise amplifier (LNA); it is based on gold nanocrystal with 1.4nm3,
CMOS and nanoelectronic circuit technologies. Frequencies ranging from 1 to 20MHz can be
successfully used for biomedical applications without any damage .
Acoustic type communication
Acoustic communication is more appropriate for
longer distance communication and detection with low energy consumption
For communication, as well as for navigational purposes, the use of nanoacoustics for nanorobot interactions can effectively achieve resolutions of 700nm.
For data recognition, the acoustic phonons scattered from the origin should be propagated at sufficient distances, and the acoustic wavefield should be measured by diffraction propagation.
For the nanorobot active sonar communication, frequencies can reach up to 20μW@8Hz at resonance rates with 3V supply.
Chemical Communication
Chemical sensing and signaling can be quite useful for nearby orientation and communication purposes among nanorobots.
Risk involve with chemical communication that certain chemical process can also hamper the biological working of organs and cell which lead to a significant disease.