30-11-2012, 02:54 PM
brain chip
BRAIN_CHIPS report.DOC (Size: 318.5 KB / Downloads: 25)
INTRODUCTION
The evolution and development of mankind began thousands and thousands of years before. And today our intelligence, our brain is a resultant of this long developmental phase.
Technology also has been on the path of development since when man appeared. It is man that gave technology its present form. But today, technology is entering a phase where it will out wit man in intelligence as well as efficiency.
Man has now to find a way in which he can keep in pace with technology, and one of the recent developments in this regard, is the brain chip implants.
Brain chips are made with a view to enhance the memory of human beings, to help paralyzed patients, and are also intended to serve military purposes. It is likely that implantable computer chips acting as sensors, or actuators, may soon assist not only failing memory, but even bestow fluency in a new language, or enable "recognition" of previously unmet individuals. The progress already made in therapeutic devices, in prosthetics and in computer science indicates that it may well be feasible to develop direct interfaces between the brain and computers.
This technology is only under developmental phase, although many implants have already been made on the human brain for experimental purposes. Let’s take a look at this developing technology.
EVOLUTION TOWARDS IMPLANTABLE BRAIN CHIPS
Worldwide there are at least three million people living with artificial implants. In particular, research on the cochlear implant and retinal vision have furthered the development of interfaces between neural tissues and silicon substrate micro probes. There have been many researches in order to enable the technology of implanting chips in the brain to develop. Some of them are mentioned below.
The Study of the Brain
The study of the human brain is, obviously, the most complicated area of research. When we enter a discussion on this topic, the works of JOSE DELGADO need to be mentioned. Much of the work taking place at the NIH, Stanford and elsewhere is built on research done in the 1950s, notably that of Yale physiologist Jose Delgado, who implanted electrodes in animal brains and attached them to a "stimoceiver" under the skull. This device transmitted radio signals through the electrodes in a technique called electronic stimulation of the brain, or ESB, and culminated in a now-legendary photograph, in the early 1960s, of Delgado controlling a live bull with an electronic monitor (fig-1).
Neural Networks:
Neural networks are loosely modeled on the networks of neurons in biological systems. They can learn to perform complex tasks. They are especially effective at recognizing patterns, classifying data, and processing noisy signals. They possess a distributed associative memory which gives it the ability to learn and generalize, i.e., adapt with experience.