Management (or management) is the administration of an organization, be it a business, a non-profit organization, or government agency. Management includes the activities of establishing an organization's strategy and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or volunteers) to achieve its objectives by applying available resources such as financial, natural, technological and human resources. The term "management" can also refer to those who manage an organization.
Social scientists study management as an academic discipline, researching areas such as social organization and organizational leadership. Some people study administration in colleges or universities; major degrees in management include marketing bachelor (B.Com.) and business administration (M.B.A.) masters and, for the public sector, a masters degree in public administration (MPA). Those who aspire to become management researchers or professors can complete the Doctorate in Administration (DM), the Doctor in Business Administration (DBA), or the Doctorate in Administration or Business Administration.
Larger organizations generally have three levels of managers, usually organized in a hierarchical and pyramidal structure:
• Top managers, such as members of a Board of Directors, a CEO or a President of an organization, set out the organization's strategic objectives and make decisions about how the organization in general will function. Senior managers provide direction to the middle managers who report to them.
• Mid-level managers, examples of which would include branch managers, regional managers, and section managers, provide direction to first-line managers. Intermediate managers communicate senior management's strategic objectives to front-line managers.
• Lower managers, such as supervisors and front-line team leaders, monitor the work of regular employees (or volunteers in some voluntary organizations) and provide guidance on their work.
In smaller organizations an individual administrator can have a much broader reach. A single manager can play several roles or even all the roles commonly observed in a large organization.