09-04-2012, 08:49 PM
I WANT DOCUMENTATION FOR MICROCONTROLLER BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING STEPPER MOTOR
09-04-2012, 08:49 PM
I WANT DOCUMENTATION FOR MICROCONTROLLER BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING STEPPER MOTOR
10-04-2012, 10:26 AM
to get information about the topic "solar tracking system" full report ppt and related topics refer the link bellow
https://seminarproject.net/Thread-time-o...ing-system https://seminarproject.net/Thread-solar-...tem--21463 https://seminarproject.net/Thread-solar-...generation
17-04-2012, 11:13 PM
hai..i want project document for a microcontroller based solar tracking system...its so urjent...can u pl find me that one..thanku
20-07-2012, 10:17 AM
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
TRACKING SYSTEM.docx (Size: 44.56 KB / Downloads: 37) ABSTRACT Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as fossil fuel prices fluctuate. At the educational level, it is therefore critical for engineering and technology students to have an understanding and appreciation of the technologies associated with renewable energy. The project presented here is to on/off the street lights automatically when the particular person is out of reach or if he forgot to switch off the lights. Here we are mainly using the sensor for detecting the light LDR (light dependent Resistor). The characteristics of the LDR are the resistance is very high when it is in dark and resistance is low when it is in light. The main purpose of this project is to change the solar panel direction according with the intensity of the sun light. So maximum of the energy will be observed by the solar panel. The Microcontroller is used to control the whole system, it monitors the sensor output, and according to the sensor condition the street lights are operated. The whole program is written in Embedded C and burned into the microcontroller ROM. The AT89C52 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8k bytes of flash ROM, 256 bytes of RAM is preferred due to its quick programming and ease of use.
13-11-2012, 01:00 PM
Report on Solar tracker
Solar tracker.docx (Size: 319.86 KB / Downloads: 61) Abstract A backyard installation of passive single–axis trackers in winter midday position, tilted toward the south. The tall poles allow walk-under and use of the ground space underneath the panels for plantings that thrive on protection from the intense midday summer sun at this location A solar tracker is a device that orients various payloads toward the sun. Payloads can be photovoltaic panels, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. In flat-panel photovoltaic (PV) applications, trackers are used to minimize the angle of incidence between the incoming light and a photovoltaic panel. This increases the amount of energy produced from a fixed amount of installed power generating capacity. In standard photovoltaic applications, it is estimated that trackers are used in at least 85% of commercial installations greater than 1MW from 2009 to 2012.[1][2] In concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and concentrated solar thermal (CSP) applications trackers are used to enable the optical components in the CPV and CSP systems. The optics in concentrated solar applications accept the direct component of sunlight light and therefore must be oriented appropriately to collect energy. Tracking systems are found in all concentrator applications because such systems do not produce energy unless oriented closely toward the sun. Fixed mount Domestic and small-scale commercial photovoltaic and hot-water panels are usually fixed, often flush-mounted on an appropriately facing pitched roof. Advantages of fixed mount systems (i.e. factors tending to indicate against trackers) include the following: • Mechanical simplicity, and hence lower installation and ongoing maintenance costs. • Wind-loading: it is easier and cheaper to provision a sturdy mount; all mounts other than fixed flush-mounted panels must be carefully designed having regard to their wind loading due to their greater exposure. • Indirect light: approximately 10%[9] of the incident solar radiation is diffuse light, available at any angle of misalignment with the direct sun. • Tolerance to misalignment: effective collection area for a flat-panel is relatively insensitive to quite high levels of misalignment with the sun – see table and diagram at Accuracy Requirements section below – for example even a 25° misalignment reduces the direct solar energy collected by less than 10%. Floating ground mount Solar trackers can be built using a “floating” foundation, which sits on top of the ground without the need for invasive concrete foundations. Instead of placing the tracker on concrete foundations, the tracker is placed on a gravel pan that can be filled with a variety of materials, such as sand or gravel, to secure the tracker to the ground. These “floating” trackers can sustain the same wind load as a traditional fixed mounted tracker. The use of floating trackers increases the number of potential sites for commercial solar projects since they can be placed on top of capped landfills or in areas where excavated foundations are not feasible. Trackers Even though a fixed flat-panel can be set to collect a high proportion of available noon-time energy, significant power is also available in the early mornings and late afternoons[10] when the misalignment with a fixed panel becomes excessive to collect a reasonable proportion of the available energy. For example, even when the Sun is only 10° above the horizon the available energy can already be around half the noon-time energy levels (or even greater depending on latitude, season, and atmospheric conditions). Thus the primary benefit of a tracking system is to collect solar energy for the longest period of the day, and with the most accurate alignment as the Sun's position shifts with the seasons. In addition, the greater the level of concentration employed the more important accurate tracking becomes, because the proportion of energy derived from direct radiation is higher, and the region where that concentrated energy is focused becomes smaller. Fixed collector / moving mirror Many collectors cannot be moved, for example high-temperature collectors where the energy is recovered as hot liquid or gas (e.g. steam). Other examples include direct heating and lighting of buildings and fixed in-built solar cookers, such as Scheffler reflectors. In such cases it is necessary to employ a moving mirror so that, regardless of where the Sun is positioned in the sky, the Sun's rays are redirected onto the collector. Due to the complicated motion of the Sun across the sky, and the level of precision required to correctly aim the Sun's rays onto the target, a heliostat mirror generally employs a dual axis tracking system, with at least one axis mechanized. In different applications, mirrors may be flat or concave. Moving collector Trackers can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker's axes. Compared to a fixed mount, a single axis tracker increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a dual axis tracker an additional 6%.[11][12] Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) trackers. Each of these tracker types can be further categorized by the number and orientation of their axes, their actuation architecture and drive type, their intended applications, their vertical supports and foundation type. Non-concentrating photovoltaic (PV) trackers Photovoltaic panels accept both direct and diffuse light from the sky. The panels on standard photovoltaic trackers always gather the available direct light. The tracking functionality in standard photovoltaic trackers is used to minimize the angle of incidence between incoming light and the photovoltaic panel. This increases the amount of energy gathered from the direct component of the incoming light. Technologies supported The physics behind standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers works with all standard photovoltaic module technologies. These include all types of crystalline silicon panels (monocrystalline, multicrystalline, polycrystalline) and all types of thin film panels (amorphous silicon, CdTe, CIGS, microcrystalline). Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) trackers The optics in CPV modules accept the direct component of the incoming light and therefore must be oriented appropriately to maximize the energy collected. In low concentration applications a portion of the diffuse light from the sky can also be captured. The tracking functionality in CPV modules is used to orient the optics such that the incoming light is focused to a photovoltaic collector. CPV modules that concentrate in one dimension must be tracked normal to the sun in one axis. CPV modules that concentrate in two dimensions must be tracked normal to the sun in two axes. Accuracy requirements The physics behind CPV optics requires that tracking accuracy increase as the systems concentration ratio increases. However, for a given concentration, nonimaging optics[13][14] provide the widest possible acceptance angles, which may be used to reduce tracking accuracy. In typical high concentration systems tracking accuracy must be in the ± 0.1° range to deliver approximately 90% of the rated power output. In low concentration systems, tracking accuracy must be in the ± 2.0° range to deliver 90% of the rated power output. As a result, high accuracy tracking systems are typically used. Technologies supported Concentrated photovoltaic trackers are used with refractive and reflective based concentrator systems. There are a range of emerging photovoltaic cell technologies used in these systems. These range from crystalline silicon based photovoltaic receivers to germanium based triple junction receivers. Single axis trackers Single axis trackers have one degree of freedom that acts as an axis of rotation. The axis of rotation of single axis trackers is typically aligned along a true North meridian. It is possible to align them in any cardinal direction with advanced tracking algorithms. There are several common implementations of single axis trackers. These include horizontal single axis trackers (HSAT), vertical single axis trackers (VSAT), tilted single axis trackers (TSAT) and polar aligned single axis trackers (PSAT). The orientation of the module with respect to the tracker axis is important when modeling performance. |
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