15-05-2014, 03:01 PM
Mobile phone tracking
[attachment=63283]
ABSTRACT
Refers to the attaining of the current position of a mobile phone , stationary or moving. Localization may occur either via multilateration of radio signals between (several) radio towers of the network and the phone, or simply via GPS. To locate the phone using multilateration of radio signals, it must emit at least the roaming signal to contact the next nearby antenna tower, but the process does not require an active call. GSM is based on the signal strength to nearby antenna masts.
Mobile positioning, which includes location based service that discloses the actual coordinates of a mobile phone bearer, is a technology used by telecommunication companies to approximate where a mobile phone , and thereby also its user (bearer), temporarily resides. The more properly applied term locating refers to the purpose rather than a positioning process. Such service is offered as an option of the class of location-based services (LBS).
Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication:
Operational purpose:
In order to route calls to a phone the cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal and the phone is roamed to an adjacent tower as appropriate. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple antenna towers a general location of a phone can be roughly determined. Other means is the antenna pattern that supports angular determination and phase discrimination. Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on and not active in a telephone call-. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand over of the phone from one base station to another. The principle of tracking is based on GSM localization.
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM):
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system.
MobileStation:
The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card. The SIM identifies the network and provides personal authentication. One can insert the SIM card to any other handset and still be able to receive call, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services or services offered by the network The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and uses this to identify the subscriber by secret key.
Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication:
BaseStationSubsystem The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). The Base Transceiver Station contains radio transceivers defining a cell and handles radio-link protocols. NetworkSubsystem Central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN. Besides this it also provides the required functionality to handle a mobile subscriber. This may include registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, etc. The MSC provides the connection to the fixed networks such as the PSTN or ISDN.
GSM security:
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security.
MOBILE POSITIONING:
It is now not necessary to use localization or tracking any longer. Since all phones have been converted to GPS able, the receiving tower can just ask the phone where it's position is, and the return contact will tell it within 16 feet. No localization is required any longer, since all phones now are required to have built in GPS abilities. This helps the computer to track which direction one is traveling so it can be determined when to best switch contact to the next tower. This improves service and reception and even makes it possible to use a phone at high speeds of travel.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The GPS uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, which enable GPS receivers to determine their current location, the time, and their velocity (including direction). GPS was developed by the United States Department of Defense. Global Positioning System (GPS) is comprised of 24 U.S. government owned satellites that circle 12,000 miles above the earth, twice a day in precise orbits, so that several are always in view from any position. The system is designed to provide worldwide positioning services with an accuracy ranging from 10 to 15 meters. Instant location information enables users to ascertain exactly where their vehicles or assets are at anytime, anywhere in the world. Due to minor timing errors and satellite orbit errors, however, more precise accuracies are unattainable with standard GPS. Atmospheric conditions can also affect GPS signals and their arrival time on Earth.
Privacy:
Locating or positioning touches upon delicate privacy issues, since it enables someone to check where a person is without the person's consent. Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended for services that employ positioning, and the user must give an informed, explicit consent to a service provider before the service provider can compute positioning data from the user's mobile phone.
In Europe, where most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the secrecy of correspondence , location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself. The United States however has no explicit constitutional guarantee on the privacy of telecommunications , so use of location data is limited by law.
[attachment=63283]
ABSTRACT
Refers to the attaining of the current position of a mobile phone , stationary or moving. Localization may occur either via multilateration of radio signals between (several) radio towers of the network and the phone, or simply via GPS. To locate the phone using multilateration of radio signals, it must emit at least the roaming signal to contact the next nearby antenna tower, but the process does not require an active call. GSM is based on the signal strength to nearby antenna masts.
Mobile positioning, which includes location based service that discloses the actual coordinates of a mobile phone bearer, is a technology used by telecommunication companies to approximate where a mobile phone , and thereby also its user (bearer), temporarily resides. The more properly applied term locating refers to the purpose rather than a positioning process. Such service is offered as an option of the class of location-based services (LBS).
Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication:
Operational purpose:
In order to route calls to a phone the cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal and the phone is roamed to an adjacent tower as appropriate. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple antenna towers a general location of a phone can be roughly determined. Other means is the antenna pattern that supports angular determination and phase discrimination. Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on and not active in a telephone call-. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand over of the phone from one base station to another. The principle of tracking is based on GSM localization.
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM):
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system.
MobileStation:
The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card. The SIM identifies the network and provides personal authentication. One can insert the SIM card to any other handset and still be able to receive call, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services or services offered by the network The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and uses this to identify the subscriber by secret key.
Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication:
BaseStationSubsystem The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). The Base Transceiver Station contains radio transceivers defining a cell and handles radio-link protocols. NetworkSubsystem Central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN. Besides this it also provides the required functionality to handle a mobile subscriber. This may include registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, etc. The MSC provides the connection to the fixed networks such as the PSTN or ISDN.
GSM security:
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security.
MOBILE POSITIONING:
It is now not necessary to use localization or tracking any longer. Since all phones have been converted to GPS able, the receiving tower can just ask the phone where it's position is, and the return contact will tell it within 16 feet. No localization is required any longer, since all phones now are required to have built in GPS abilities. This helps the computer to track which direction one is traveling so it can be determined when to best switch contact to the next tower. This improves service and reception and even makes it possible to use a phone at high speeds of travel.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The GPS uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, which enable GPS receivers to determine their current location, the time, and their velocity (including direction). GPS was developed by the United States Department of Defense. Global Positioning System (GPS) is comprised of 24 U.S. government owned satellites that circle 12,000 miles above the earth, twice a day in precise orbits, so that several are always in view from any position. The system is designed to provide worldwide positioning services with an accuracy ranging from 10 to 15 meters. Instant location information enables users to ascertain exactly where their vehicles or assets are at anytime, anywhere in the world. Due to minor timing errors and satellite orbit errors, however, more precise accuracies are unattainable with standard GPS. Atmospheric conditions can also affect GPS signals and their arrival time on Earth.
Privacy:
Locating or positioning touches upon delicate privacy issues, since it enables someone to check where a person is without the person's consent. Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended for services that employ positioning, and the user must give an informed, explicit consent to a service provider before the service provider can compute positioning data from the user's mobile phone.
In Europe, where most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the secrecy of correspondence , location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself. The United States however has no explicit constitutional guarantee on the privacy of telecommunications , so use of location data is limited by law.