28-05-2014, 04:57 PM
Design and Fabrication of Line Follower Robot
[attachment=63793]
ABSTRACT
Line follower robot is a robo car that can follow a path. The path can be
visible like a black line on the white surface (or vice-verse). It is an
integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical and
Computer engineering. This paper presents a 700gm weight of a 9W LDR
sensor based line follower robot design and fabrication procedure which
always directs along the black mark on the white surface. The
electromechanical robot dimension is 7 5 2.5 cubic inches with a cost
of BDT 1150. This low cost fundamental electronic component based line
sensing robot can carry a load of about 500gm without getting off the line.
INTRODUCTION
In the early 1800’s mechanical puppets were first built in Europe, just for entertainment
value. And these were called robots since their parts were driven by linkage and cams
and controlled by rotating drum selectors. In 1801 Joseph Maria Jacquard made the next
great change and invented the automatic draw loom. The draw looms would punch cards
and was used to control the lifting of thread in fabric factories. This was the first to be able to
store a program and control a machine. After that there were many small changes in
robotics.
The first industrial robots were Unimates developed by George Devol and Joe Engelberger
in the late 50’s and early 60’s. The first patent was by Devol but Engelberger formed
Unimation which was the first market robots. So Engelberger has been called the “father of
robotics”. For a while the economic viability of these robots proved disastrous and thing
slowed down for robotics. But the industry recovered and by the mid-80’s robotics was
back on track.
George DevolJr, in 1954 developed the multi jointed artificial arms which lead to the
modern robots. But mechanical engineer Victor Scheinman developed the truly flexible
arm known as the Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm (PUMA) [1].
Block Diagram
Once the main configuration is chosen, the first thing to do seems to be to make a
functional block diagram. Although it might grow or change later, I always like to have
“the big picture” available. As Microsoft Visio is design software that it decides to make a
Block Diagram in Visio. Just looking at this drawing really gets brings up a host of ideas
and questions. Hardware, logic, motor
control and many other thoughts come
rushing in.
CONCLUSIONS
The Line follower robot works successfully to track on the black line. Above the white
surface (art paper) there are some black lines in different directions. The robot still good
enough to sense the line and follows the track. Also the robot is capable to carry some load
likely 500gm.
FUTURE WORK
The line follower robot is made by op-amps and transistors, where the motor is directly on or
off using the signal of the comparator. Now the techniques can be replaced by PWM using
more sensor, microcontroller and H-Bridge motor controller IC i.e. L293D. I want to try it
earlier but failure in some cases. I have compiled some programs of microcontroller. Also
instead of LDR it can be used phototransistor whose response is much better than LDR. There
are 2 line sensors used here so the fluctuation of line is a fact. Using more than 2 sensor likely
sensor array may be used to detect the black line quickly. Also using microcontroller it can
draw the reverse direction as well as obstacle avoiding turning the motor 180o. The block
diagram may be represented as follows. Also using color sensors the robot can sense different
colors. It can be used in the robotic game competition and other fields.
So the development features in brief:
•Appling PWM technique
•Use of Microcontroller
•Use of color sensor
•Obstacle avoiding
[attachment=63793]
ABSTRACT
Line follower robot is a robo car that can follow a path. The path can be
visible like a black line on the white surface (or vice-verse). It is an
integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical and
Computer engineering. This paper presents a 700gm weight of a 9W LDR
sensor based line follower robot design and fabrication procedure which
always directs along the black mark on the white surface. The
electromechanical robot dimension is 7 5 2.5 cubic inches with a cost
of BDT 1150. This low cost fundamental electronic component based line
sensing robot can carry a load of about 500gm without getting off the line.
INTRODUCTION
In the early 1800’s mechanical puppets were first built in Europe, just for entertainment
value. And these were called robots since their parts were driven by linkage and cams
and controlled by rotating drum selectors. In 1801 Joseph Maria Jacquard made the next
great change and invented the automatic draw loom. The draw looms would punch cards
and was used to control the lifting of thread in fabric factories. This was the first to be able to
store a program and control a machine. After that there were many small changes in
robotics.
The first industrial robots were Unimates developed by George Devol and Joe Engelberger
in the late 50’s and early 60’s. The first patent was by Devol but Engelberger formed
Unimation which was the first market robots. So Engelberger has been called the “father of
robotics”. For a while the economic viability of these robots proved disastrous and thing
slowed down for robotics. But the industry recovered and by the mid-80’s robotics was
back on track.
George DevolJr, in 1954 developed the multi jointed artificial arms which lead to the
modern robots. But mechanical engineer Victor Scheinman developed the truly flexible
arm known as the Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm (PUMA) [1].
Block Diagram
Once the main configuration is chosen, the first thing to do seems to be to make a
functional block diagram. Although it might grow or change later, I always like to have
“the big picture” available. As Microsoft Visio is design software that it decides to make a
Block Diagram in Visio. Just looking at this drawing really gets brings up a host of ideas
and questions. Hardware, logic, motor
control and many other thoughts come
rushing in.
CONCLUSIONS
The Line follower robot works successfully to track on the black line. Above the white
surface (art paper) there are some black lines in different directions. The robot still good
enough to sense the line and follows the track. Also the robot is capable to carry some load
likely 500gm.
FUTURE WORK
The line follower robot is made by op-amps and transistors, where the motor is directly on or
off using the signal of the comparator. Now the techniques can be replaced by PWM using
more sensor, microcontroller and H-Bridge motor controller IC i.e. L293D. I want to try it
earlier but failure in some cases. I have compiled some programs of microcontroller. Also
instead of LDR it can be used phototransistor whose response is much better than LDR. There
are 2 line sensors used here so the fluctuation of line is a fact. Using more than 2 sensor likely
sensor array may be used to detect the black line quickly. Also using microcontroller it can
draw the reverse direction as well as obstacle avoiding turning the motor 180o. The block
diagram may be represented as follows. Also using color sensors the robot can sense different
colors. It can be used in the robotic game competition and other fields.
So the development features in brief:
•Appling PWM technique
•Use of Microcontroller
•Use of color sensor
•Obstacle avoiding