16-06-2014, 11:13 AM
Abstract of E-Waste
[attachment=64917]
Introduction of E-Waste
• E-waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world.
• It is a crisis of not quantity alone but also a crisis born from toxics ingredients, posing a threat to the occupational health as well as the environment.
• Rapid technology change, low initial cost, high obsolescence rate have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe.
• Legal framework, proper collection system missing.
• Imports regularly coming to the recycling markets.
• Inhuman working conditions for recycling.
• Between 1997 and 2007, nearly 500 million personal computers became obsolete-almost two computers for each person.
• 750,000 computers expected to end up in landfills this year alone.
• In 2005, 42 million computers were discarded
• 25 million in storage
• 4 million recycled
• 13 million land filled
• 0.5 million incinerated
IT and telecom are two fastest growing industries in the country.
• India, by 2008, should achieve a PC penetration of 65 per 1,000 from the existing 14 per 1,000 (MAIT)
• At present, India has 15 million computers. The target being 75 million computers by 2010.
• Over 2 million old PCs ready for disposal in India.
• Life of a computer reduced from 7 years to 3-5 years.
• E-Waste: Growth over 75 million current mobile users, expected to increase to 200 million by 2007 end.
• Memory devices, MP3 players, iPods etc. are the newer additions.
• Preliminary estimates suggest that total WEEE generation in India is approximately 1, 46,000 tonnes per year.
E-waste: its implications:
• Electronic products often contain hazardous and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land filled or incinerated .
• Televisions, video and computer monitors use cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which have significant amounts of lead.
• Printed circuit boards contain primarily plastic and copper, and most have small amounts of chromium, lead solder, nickel, and zinc.
• In addition, many electronic products have batteries that often contain nickel, cadmium, and other heavy metals. Relays and switches in electronics, especially older ones, may contain mercury.
• Also, capacitors in some types of older and larger equipment that is now entering the waste stream may contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Optical Switching
ABSTRACT
Explosive information demand in the internet world is creating enormous needs for capacity expansion in next generation telecommunication networks. It is expected that the data- oriented network traffic will double every year.
Optical networks are widely regarded as the ultimate solution to the bandwidth needs of future communication systems. Optical fiber links deployed between nodes are capable to carry terabits of information but the electronic switching at the nodes limit the bandwidth of a network. Optical switches at the nodes will overcome this limitation. With their improved efficiency and lower costs, Optical switches provide the key to both manage the new capacity Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) links as well as gain a competitive advantage for provision of new band width hungry services. However, in an optically switched network the challenge lies in overcoming signal impairment and network related parameters. Let us discuss the present status, advantages and challenges and future trends in optical switches.
MOCT
ABSTRACT
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers with core and windings. For high voltage applications, porcelain insulators and oil-impregnated materials have to be used to produce insulation between the primary bus and the secondary windings. The insulation structure has to be designed carefully to avoid electric field stresses, which could eventually cause insulation breakdown.
The electric current path of the primary bus has to be designed properly to minimize the mechanical forces on the primary conductors for through faults. The reliability of conventional high-voltage current transformers have been questioned because of their violent destructive failures which caused fires and impact damage to adjacent apparatus in the switchyards, electric damage to relays, and power service disruptions.
In addition to the concerns, with the computer control techniques and digital protection devices being introduced into power systems, the conventional current transformers have caused further difficulties, as they are likely to introduce electro-magnetic interference through the ground loop into the digital systems. This has required the use of an auxiliary current transformer or optical isolator to avoid such problems.
It appears that the newly emerged Magneto-optical current transformer technology provides a solution for many of the above mentioned problems.
The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect, which was first observed by Michael Faraday 150 years ago. The Faraday Effect is the phenomenon that the orientation of polarized light rotates under the influence of the magnetic fields and the rotation angle is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field component in the direction of optical path
[attachment=64917]
Introduction of E-Waste
• E-waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world.
• It is a crisis of not quantity alone but also a crisis born from toxics ingredients, posing a threat to the occupational health as well as the environment.
• Rapid technology change, low initial cost, high obsolescence rate have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe.
• Legal framework, proper collection system missing.
• Imports regularly coming to the recycling markets.
• Inhuman working conditions for recycling.
• Between 1997 and 2007, nearly 500 million personal computers became obsolete-almost two computers for each person.
• 750,000 computers expected to end up in landfills this year alone.
• In 2005, 42 million computers were discarded
• 25 million in storage
• 4 million recycled
• 13 million land filled
• 0.5 million incinerated
IT and telecom are two fastest growing industries in the country.
• India, by 2008, should achieve a PC penetration of 65 per 1,000 from the existing 14 per 1,000 (MAIT)
• At present, India has 15 million computers. The target being 75 million computers by 2010.
• Over 2 million old PCs ready for disposal in India.
• Life of a computer reduced from 7 years to 3-5 years.
• E-Waste: Growth over 75 million current mobile users, expected to increase to 200 million by 2007 end.
• Memory devices, MP3 players, iPods etc. are the newer additions.
• Preliminary estimates suggest that total WEEE generation in India is approximately 1, 46,000 tonnes per year.
E-waste: its implications:
• Electronic products often contain hazardous and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land filled or incinerated .
• Televisions, video and computer monitors use cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which have significant amounts of lead.
• Printed circuit boards contain primarily plastic and copper, and most have small amounts of chromium, lead solder, nickel, and zinc.
• In addition, many electronic products have batteries that often contain nickel, cadmium, and other heavy metals. Relays and switches in electronics, especially older ones, may contain mercury.
• Also, capacitors in some types of older and larger equipment that is now entering the waste stream may contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Optical Switching
ABSTRACT
Explosive information demand in the internet world is creating enormous needs for capacity expansion in next generation telecommunication networks. It is expected that the data- oriented network traffic will double every year.
Optical networks are widely regarded as the ultimate solution to the bandwidth needs of future communication systems. Optical fiber links deployed between nodes are capable to carry terabits of information but the electronic switching at the nodes limit the bandwidth of a network. Optical switches at the nodes will overcome this limitation. With their improved efficiency and lower costs, Optical switches provide the key to both manage the new capacity Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) links as well as gain a competitive advantage for provision of new band width hungry services. However, in an optically switched network the challenge lies in overcoming signal impairment and network related parameters. Let us discuss the present status, advantages and challenges and future trends in optical switches.
MOCT
ABSTRACT
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers with core and windings. For high voltage applications, porcelain insulators and oil-impregnated materials have to be used to produce insulation between the primary bus and the secondary windings. The insulation structure has to be designed carefully to avoid electric field stresses, which could eventually cause insulation breakdown.
The electric current path of the primary bus has to be designed properly to minimize the mechanical forces on the primary conductors for through faults. The reliability of conventional high-voltage current transformers have been questioned because of their violent destructive failures which caused fires and impact damage to adjacent apparatus in the switchyards, electric damage to relays, and power service disruptions.
In addition to the concerns, with the computer control techniques and digital protection devices being introduced into power systems, the conventional current transformers have caused further difficulties, as they are likely to introduce electro-magnetic interference through the ground loop into the digital systems. This has required the use of an auxiliary current transformer or optical isolator to avoid such problems.
It appears that the newly emerged Magneto-optical current transformer technology provides a solution for many of the above mentioned problems.
The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect, which was first observed by Michael Faraday 150 years ago. The Faraday Effect is the phenomenon that the orientation of polarized light rotates under the influence of the magnetic fields and the rotation angle is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field component in the direction of optical path