08-07-2014, 01:40 PM
Comparative Study of Compressive Strength of Bricks Made With Various Materials to Clay Bricks
[attachment=65741]
Abstract
The need for locally manufactured building materials
has been emphasized in many countries of the world because of
their easy availability & low cost. Bricks also have been regarded
as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used
throughout history. Ordinary building bricks are made of a
mixture of clay, which is subjected to various processes,
differing according to the nature of the material, the method of
manufacture and the character of the finished product. After
being properly prepared the clay is formed in moulds to the
desired shape, then dried and burnt. On seeing the present day
demand for bricks , an attempt was made to study the behavior
of bricks manufactured using, different waste materials like Rice
Husk, Wood Ash, Fly Ash even cement was used to manufacture
bricks. The main aim of this project was to compare the
compressive strength of the bricks, so for this purpose different
percentage of materials were separately added 4%, 8%, 12% &
16% by weight and then the compressive strength of the Bricks
was established, and then with the help of graph a comparison
between compressive strength of bricks, made out of Rice Husk,
Wood Ash, clay, Fly Ash & Cement was determined. Before
manufacturing the bricks, different properties of the materials
(clay, wood ash, rice husk, cement & Fly ash) like sieve analysis,
specific gravity was also verified . After that bricks were made &
sun dried and some bricks were oven dried & then with the help
of Compression Testing Machine (C.T.M.) finely their
compressive strength was calculated. From this test in this
project work it was concluded that the wood ash was that waste
material, which gave the highest compressive strength. The
effects of the addition of rice husk (for burning out) and wood
ash admixtures by percent-clay mix was also investigated. The
admixtures were added in various combinations of proportions
by weight (from 4 to 16%). The wood ash admixture, in line with
its pozzolanic nature, was able to contribute in attaining denser
products with higher compressive strengths, higher softening
coefficients, lower water absorption rates, lower saturation
INTRODUCTION
materials coupled with depletion of traditional building materials.
To address this situation, attention has been focused on low-cost
alternative building materials. Bricks are masonry units
composed of inorganic non-metallic material and are widely used
as building components all over the world. The bricks could be
sun-dried or burnt. Burnt bricks are usually stronger than sundried
bricks, especially if they are made of clay or clayey
material. There are different categories of the bricks, depending
upon the admixtures and raw material used for making bricks. It
is also common that certain admixtures are added to burnt brick
raw mixes to produce different effects in the finished product. A
second category of admixtures includes organic matter, such as
rice husks, sawdust, coal, etc., which burn out when the bricks
undergo firing. This category of admixtures serves three
purposes:
1. As they burn out they leave pores in the product. This
permits the control of the bulk density of brick products and
help in producing lighter and more porous bricks.
2. The second purpose is that they result in more uniformly
burnt bricks, especially when the firing is being done outside
of factory conditions, in which case inability to reach the
minimum desired temperature of 1000 °C results in un-burnt
cores especially in solid bricks.
3. The pores produced as the admixtures are burnt out permit
the heat to reach into the innermost part of the core, thereby
avoiding un-burnt cores, while the admixtures on their own
part serve as extra fuel which provides more heat for the
firing.
Overall, there is a reduction in fuel and power expenditures. The
temperature to which the brick is fired during burning is of
paramount importance. The higher the firing temperature, the
higher is the quality of the finished product. The third category of
admixtures is the consolidating substances or fusing agents.
These admixtures are added to increase the bond between the
particles and thus the strength of the brick. Such admixtures are
either cementitious or pozzolanic materials. Pozzolanic materials
include the traditional lime. The recent non traditional pozzolanic
admixtures used for brick production include rice husk ash,
sawdust ash and wood ash. The materials which were used in
bricks, their properties and different test & their compressive
strength after the whole process, are described below.
MATERIALS USED FOR MAKING BRICKS
WOOD ASH:
Wood ash is a by-product created during the combustion
of wood products for energy production at pulp and paper mills,
sawmills and wood- product manufacturing facilities. Wood ash
is composed of both organic and inorganic compounds. The
physical and chemical properties of wood ash, which determines
its beneficial uses, are influenced by species of the wood and the
combustion method.
Advantages of Wood Ash Bricks:-
1. Due to high strength, practically no breakage during transport
& use.
2. Due to uniform size of bricks mortar required for joints &
plaster reduces almost by 50%.
3. Due to lower water penetration seepage of water through
bricks is considerably reduced.
4. These bricks do not require soaking in water for 24 hours.
Only sprinkling of water before use is enough
RICE HUSK
:
India has a major agribusiness sector which has
achieved remarkable successes over the last three and a half
decades. Rice husk a major by-product of the rice milling
industry, is one of the most commonly available materials. Rice
husk is an agricultural residue abundantly available in rice
producing countries. The husk surrounds the paddy grain. During
milling of paddy about 78 % of weight is received as rice, broken
rice and bran. Rest 22 % of the weight of paddy is received as
husk. India is a major rice producing country, and that’s why the
husk generated during milling can be easily available and can be
used for bricks
CEMENT
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a
binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can
bind other materials together. The chemical reaction that results
when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water-soluble
FLY ASH
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion,
and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash
which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an industrial
context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion
of coal. Fly ash is a waste material after burning of coal. Fly ash
bricks are the stronger than other bricks. Fly ash bricks contain
only cement, water and fly ash, but we are adding different
percentages of fly ash in the clay brick.
CLAY
Due to the increasing cost of cement, the Forest
Products and Industries Development Commission
(FORPRIDECOM) conducted a research that will produce
blocks from soil and water. Clay particles because of their
fineness of division must expose a large amount of external
surface. There are also internal surfaces as well, the sum of
which usually greatly exceeds that of a superficial character.
CONCLUSION
The present research replicate the effect of waste
product like Rice Husk, Wood Ash, clay, Fly Ash on
compressive strength of brick and following results were
obtained:-
The clay bricks gave the compressive strength of 5.26
N/mm2, but when 4% of Wood ash was added by weight in the
clay, then it gave the compressive strength of 5.78 N/mm2, again
while increasing the percentage of wood ash as 8%, 12%, 16%
by weight the compressive strength of Wood Ash brick also
increases respectively 6.31, 7.36, 10 N/mm2.
While different percentage of rice husk 4%, 8%, 12%,
16% was added by weight in the clay, the compressive strength
of bricks decreased. In the clay, when different percentage of
cement was added 4%, 8%, 12% & 16% by weight the
compressive strength of bricks also increased. When different
percentage of fly ash 4%, 8%, 12% & 16% was added in the clay
by weight, the compressive strength of bricks decreased
Thus from above study, this project concluded that, with
the addition of waste material like wood ash in the clay, the
compressive strength of bricks increases , but with rice husk &
fly ash the compressive strength of bricks decreases. So for the
economy purpose wood ash can be used in the place of cement.
Also when cement content was added in clay by weight,
the compressive strength of bricks increased rapidly than with
the wood ash. For different brick projects, we hope that this
project will act as guidance in terms of compressive strength.
[attachment=65741]
Abstract
The need for locally manufactured building materials
has been emphasized in many countries of the world because of
their easy availability & low cost. Bricks also have been regarded
as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used
throughout history. Ordinary building bricks are made of a
mixture of clay, which is subjected to various processes,
differing according to the nature of the material, the method of
manufacture and the character of the finished product. After
being properly prepared the clay is formed in moulds to the
desired shape, then dried and burnt. On seeing the present day
demand for bricks , an attempt was made to study the behavior
of bricks manufactured using, different waste materials like Rice
Husk, Wood Ash, Fly Ash even cement was used to manufacture
bricks. The main aim of this project was to compare the
compressive strength of the bricks, so for this purpose different
percentage of materials were separately added 4%, 8%, 12% &
16% by weight and then the compressive strength of the Bricks
was established, and then with the help of graph a comparison
between compressive strength of bricks, made out of Rice Husk,
Wood Ash, clay, Fly Ash & Cement was determined. Before
manufacturing the bricks, different properties of the materials
(clay, wood ash, rice husk, cement & Fly ash) like sieve analysis,
specific gravity was also verified . After that bricks were made &
sun dried and some bricks were oven dried & then with the help
of Compression Testing Machine (C.T.M.) finely their
compressive strength was calculated. From this test in this
project work it was concluded that the wood ash was that waste
material, which gave the highest compressive strength. The
effects of the addition of rice husk (for burning out) and wood
ash admixtures by percent-clay mix was also investigated. The
admixtures were added in various combinations of proportions
by weight (from 4 to 16%). The wood ash admixture, in line with
its pozzolanic nature, was able to contribute in attaining denser
products with higher compressive strengths, higher softening
coefficients, lower water absorption rates, lower saturation
INTRODUCTION
materials coupled with depletion of traditional building materials.
To address this situation, attention has been focused on low-cost
alternative building materials. Bricks are masonry units
composed of inorganic non-metallic material and are widely used
as building components all over the world. The bricks could be
sun-dried or burnt. Burnt bricks are usually stronger than sundried
bricks, especially if they are made of clay or clayey
material. There are different categories of the bricks, depending
upon the admixtures and raw material used for making bricks. It
is also common that certain admixtures are added to burnt brick
raw mixes to produce different effects in the finished product. A
second category of admixtures includes organic matter, such as
rice husks, sawdust, coal, etc., which burn out when the bricks
undergo firing. This category of admixtures serves three
purposes:
1. As they burn out they leave pores in the product. This
permits the control of the bulk density of brick products and
help in producing lighter and more porous bricks.
2. The second purpose is that they result in more uniformly
burnt bricks, especially when the firing is being done outside
of factory conditions, in which case inability to reach the
minimum desired temperature of 1000 °C results in un-burnt
cores especially in solid bricks.
3. The pores produced as the admixtures are burnt out permit
the heat to reach into the innermost part of the core, thereby
avoiding un-burnt cores, while the admixtures on their own
part serve as extra fuel which provides more heat for the
firing.
Overall, there is a reduction in fuel and power expenditures. The
temperature to which the brick is fired during burning is of
paramount importance. The higher the firing temperature, the
higher is the quality of the finished product. The third category of
admixtures is the consolidating substances or fusing agents.
These admixtures are added to increase the bond between the
particles and thus the strength of the brick. Such admixtures are
either cementitious or pozzolanic materials. Pozzolanic materials
include the traditional lime. The recent non traditional pozzolanic
admixtures used for brick production include rice husk ash,
sawdust ash and wood ash. The materials which were used in
bricks, their properties and different test & their compressive
strength after the whole process, are described below.
MATERIALS USED FOR MAKING BRICKS
WOOD ASH:
Wood ash is a by-product created during the combustion
of wood products for energy production at pulp and paper mills,
sawmills and wood- product manufacturing facilities. Wood ash
is composed of both organic and inorganic compounds. The
physical and chemical properties of wood ash, which determines
its beneficial uses, are influenced by species of the wood and the
combustion method.
Advantages of Wood Ash Bricks:-
1. Due to high strength, practically no breakage during transport
& use.
2. Due to uniform size of bricks mortar required for joints &
plaster reduces almost by 50%.
3. Due to lower water penetration seepage of water through
bricks is considerably reduced.
4. These bricks do not require soaking in water for 24 hours.
Only sprinkling of water before use is enough
RICE HUSK
:
India has a major agribusiness sector which has
achieved remarkable successes over the last three and a half
decades. Rice husk a major by-product of the rice milling
industry, is one of the most commonly available materials. Rice
husk is an agricultural residue abundantly available in rice
producing countries. The husk surrounds the paddy grain. During
milling of paddy about 78 % of weight is received as rice, broken
rice and bran. Rest 22 % of the weight of paddy is received as
husk. India is a major rice producing country, and that’s why the
husk generated during milling can be easily available and can be
used for bricks
CEMENT
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a
binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can
bind other materials together. The chemical reaction that results
when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water-soluble
FLY ASH
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion,
and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash
which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an industrial
context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion
of coal. Fly ash is a waste material after burning of coal. Fly ash
bricks are the stronger than other bricks. Fly ash bricks contain
only cement, water and fly ash, but we are adding different
percentages of fly ash in the clay brick.
CLAY
Due to the increasing cost of cement, the Forest
Products and Industries Development Commission
(FORPRIDECOM) conducted a research that will produce
blocks from soil and water. Clay particles because of their
fineness of division must expose a large amount of external
surface. There are also internal surfaces as well, the sum of
which usually greatly exceeds that of a superficial character.
CONCLUSION
The present research replicate the effect of waste
product like Rice Husk, Wood Ash, clay, Fly Ash on
compressive strength of brick and following results were
obtained:-
The clay bricks gave the compressive strength of 5.26
N/mm2, but when 4% of Wood ash was added by weight in the
clay, then it gave the compressive strength of 5.78 N/mm2, again
while increasing the percentage of wood ash as 8%, 12%, 16%
by weight the compressive strength of Wood Ash brick also
increases respectively 6.31, 7.36, 10 N/mm2.
While different percentage of rice husk 4%, 8%, 12%,
16% was added by weight in the clay, the compressive strength
of bricks decreased. In the clay, when different percentage of
cement was added 4%, 8%, 12% & 16% by weight the
compressive strength of bricks also increased. When different
percentage of fly ash 4%, 8%, 12% & 16% was added in the clay
by weight, the compressive strength of bricks decreased
Thus from above study, this project concluded that, with
the addition of waste material like wood ash in the clay, the
compressive strength of bricks increases , but with rice husk &
fly ash the compressive strength of bricks decreases. So for the
economy purpose wood ash can be used in the place of cement.
Also when cement content was added in clay by weight,
the compressive strength of bricks increased rapidly than with
the wood ash. For different brick projects, we hope that this
project will act as guidance in terms of compressive strength.