14-07-2014, 11:42 AM
Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College
[attachment=65816]
1 INTRODUCTION:
The aim of this project is to alert the vehicle whenever it comes very close to the other vehicle front of it to avoid accidents. Most of the accidents in high-ways are happening due to the drowsiness of drivers.
Most often this symptom is found in long distance truck drivers, these drivers may take some time to recognize the opposite vehicle, which is running at low speed. And when we were in traffic, if the in front vehicle driver suddenly applies brake or slowdown his vehicle then it is quite difficult for us to control our vehicle resulting in accidents. In case of one way road also accidents taking place are more.
So, In order to avoid these accidents, a warning system is needed which alerts the driver of the vehicle and it can be placed at both the front and back side of the vehicle which contains an alarm(buzzer), sensor each and a display system in the dash board.
1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
An embedded system is a software and hardware used to perform a specific task. It is usually embedded as a part of a complete device including hardware and software.
Many embedded systems have substantially different design constraints than desktop computing applications. No single characterization applies to the diverse spectrum of embedded systems. However, some combination of cost pressure, long life-cycle, real time requirements, reliability requirements and design function dis-culture can make it difficult to be successful applying traditional computer systems methodologies and tools to embedded applications.
Explanation Of The Block Diagram:
This block diagram consists of ultrasonic sensor, regulated power supply, microcontroller, LCD display and buzzer.
We are giving regulated 5v d.c. power supply and gh-311 ultrasound motion sensor as inputs to the microcontroller and observing outputs from the 2x16 LCD display and piezo buzzer.
Whenever there is a vehicle which is in front of the other vehicle ultrasound motion sensor generates interrupt signal to the microcontroller upon receiving the interrupt signal microcontroller activates both LCD display and buzzer.
CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS:
Microcontroller:
The microcontroller used in this project is AT89S52, which is a 40 pin IC.
Pin 40 is connected to +5v power supply.
Pin 20 is grounded.
Reset circuit is connected to pin 9 of 89S52 to provide reset condition when the microcontroller is powered off. The reset circuitry comprises of 10 micro farads and a resistor of 8.2k ohms.
Pin 31 (EA\VPP) is tied to VCC for internal program execution.
The crystal oscillator (11.0592MHz) is connected across pin 18 and pin19.
Pin 23 (port 2^2) is connected to the Chip Enable input (pin 6) of LCD.
Pin 22(port 2^1) is connected to r/w (pin 5) of LCD.
Pin 21 (port2 ^0) is connected to the Register select(pin 4) of LCD.
Port 1(pin 1-pin8) of the micro controller is connected to the data lines of LCD (pin7-pin14).
Pin 24 (port2^3) is connected to base of the transistorQ2 (switch for buzzer).
Pin 13(port 3^3) is connected to the collector of transistorQ1 (switch for sensor).
1 MICRO-CONTROLLER:
A micro-controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory , various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port, timer or counter, interrupt controller.
If a system is developed with a microprocessor the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM,ROM,EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided with all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a micro-controller reduces PCB size and cost of the design.
EA ( EXTERNAL ACCESS):
External access come with on-chip ROM to store programs. In such cases, this pin is connected to VCC. For family members such as 8031,8032 in which there is no on-chip ROM, this pin is connected to ground.
LCD INTERFACE:
To interface the LCD, to the Micro controller it require an 8 bit and also three control signals differentiate the data from the control words send to the LCD. The Micro controller has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be displayed.
Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and passes to the LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII format. Thus all the character to be displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent to the LCD along with different control words. The control word differentiated the various operations and is executed. It is also possible to read the LCD data if required.
The control signals to the LCD are also provided by the Micro controller. This is also done through pins 3.5, 3.6&3.7.Through program necessary control signals are passed to the LCD by using the bits of the port. The remaining can be used for some other purpose if there is a need. The software controls the necessary ports and performs the task it is designed for. The soft ware and associated hardware perform the LCD interface
To send any of the commands from given table to the LCD, make pin RS =0.For data, make RS=1.then send a high to low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. As shown in figure for LCD connections.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR:
An ultrasonic sensor is a device that converts electrical energy into ultrasound or sound waves above the normal range of human hearing. It generates high frequency sound wave and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor (if there is any obstacle).
Ultrasonic sensor sends sound wave through transmitter and makes it possible for the microcontroller to measure the time it takes (echo) to return the receiver. The microcontroller sends a pulse to ultrasonic sensor in order to start the measurement. Then, the sensor waits long enough for the microcontroller program to start a PULSIN command and in embedded C it is lengthy program. At the same time ultrasonic sensor sends high frequency(40KHZ) pulse to microcontroller . when the sensor detects echo with its receiver, it changes that high signal to low. This indicates to the microcontroller that there is an obstacle and enables interrupt pin i.e pin 13 in our project.
3 EMBEDDED C LANGUAGE:
The language here we are using for programming is embedded C. We can use either Embedded C or assembly language .The reasons for using C language are
1. It is user friendly
2. It is portable. In case of assembly language, mnemonics for different microcontrollers are different. So we can’t use the same program for another microcontroller. But this is not in the case of embedded C.
Working:
This system consists of a buzzer and display system arranged at front side of a vehicle.
For sensing the obstacle, two ultrasonic sensors are used which are arranged side by side in the front of the vehicle.
From one sensor, signal is transmitted and due to presence of the vehicle in front of it , the signal is reflected and is received by the other sensor.
When the ultrasonic signal is interrupted, logic low signal is generated and it is fed to microcontroller which activates the interrupt pin.
Then the controller activates display board and buzzer automatically.
The energized display board will display ‘VEHICLE AHEAD’.
When there is no obstacle display board will display
4 CONCLUSION:
Hence, ACCIDENT ALERT SYSTEM is mainly used to alert the driver to prevent accidents. This kind of system can be installed in all types of vehicles, especially in commercial vehicles, so that accidents rate can be minimized. This project provides an efficient and economical security system.
[attachment=65816]
1 INTRODUCTION:
The aim of this project is to alert the vehicle whenever it comes very close to the other vehicle front of it to avoid accidents. Most of the accidents in high-ways are happening due to the drowsiness of drivers.
Most often this symptom is found in long distance truck drivers, these drivers may take some time to recognize the opposite vehicle, which is running at low speed. And when we were in traffic, if the in front vehicle driver suddenly applies brake or slowdown his vehicle then it is quite difficult for us to control our vehicle resulting in accidents. In case of one way road also accidents taking place are more.
So, In order to avoid these accidents, a warning system is needed which alerts the driver of the vehicle and it can be placed at both the front and back side of the vehicle which contains an alarm(buzzer), sensor each and a display system in the dash board.
1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
An embedded system is a software and hardware used to perform a specific task. It is usually embedded as a part of a complete device including hardware and software.
Many embedded systems have substantially different design constraints than desktop computing applications. No single characterization applies to the diverse spectrum of embedded systems. However, some combination of cost pressure, long life-cycle, real time requirements, reliability requirements and design function dis-culture can make it difficult to be successful applying traditional computer systems methodologies and tools to embedded applications.
Explanation Of The Block Diagram:
This block diagram consists of ultrasonic sensor, regulated power supply, microcontroller, LCD display and buzzer.
We are giving regulated 5v d.c. power supply and gh-311 ultrasound motion sensor as inputs to the microcontroller and observing outputs from the 2x16 LCD display and piezo buzzer.
Whenever there is a vehicle which is in front of the other vehicle ultrasound motion sensor generates interrupt signal to the microcontroller upon receiving the interrupt signal microcontroller activates both LCD display and buzzer.
CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS:
Microcontroller:
The microcontroller used in this project is AT89S52, which is a 40 pin IC.
Pin 40 is connected to +5v power supply.
Pin 20 is grounded.
Reset circuit is connected to pin 9 of 89S52 to provide reset condition when the microcontroller is powered off. The reset circuitry comprises of 10 micro farads and a resistor of 8.2k ohms.
Pin 31 (EA\VPP) is tied to VCC for internal program execution.
The crystal oscillator (11.0592MHz) is connected across pin 18 and pin19.
Pin 23 (port 2^2) is connected to the Chip Enable input (pin 6) of LCD.
Pin 22(port 2^1) is connected to r/w (pin 5) of LCD.
Pin 21 (port2 ^0) is connected to the Register select(pin 4) of LCD.
Port 1(pin 1-pin8) of the micro controller is connected to the data lines of LCD (pin7-pin14).
Pin 24 (port2^3) is connected to base of the transistorQ2 (switch for buzzer).
Pin 13(port 3^3) is connected to the collector of transistorQ1 (switch for sensor).
1 MICRO-CONTROLLER:
A micro-controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory , various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port, timer or counter, interrupt controller.
If a system is developed with a microprocessor the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM,ROM,EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided with all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a micro-controller reduces PCB size and cost of the design.
EA ( EXTERNAL ACCESS):
External access come with on-chip ROM to store programs. In such cases, this pin is connected to VCC. For family members such as 8031,8032 in which there is no on-chip ROM, this pin is connected to ground.
LCD INTERFACE:
To interface the LCD, to the Micro controller it require an 8 bit and also three control signals differentiate the data from the control words send to the LCD. The Micro controller has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be displayed.
Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and passes to the LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII format. Thus all the character to be displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent to the LCD along with different control words. The control word differentiated the various operations and is executed. It is also possible to read the LCD data if required.
The control signals to the LCD are also provided by the Micro controller. This is also done through pins 3.5, 3.6&3.7.Through program necessary control signals are passed to the LCD by using the bits of the port. The remaining can be used for some other purpose if there is a need. The software controls the necessary ports and performs the task it is designed for. The soft ware and associated hardware perform the LCD interface
To send any of the commands from given table to the LCD, make pin RS =0.For data, make RS=1.then send a high to low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. As shown in figure for LCD connections.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR:
An ultrasonic sensor is a device that converts electrical energy into ultrasound or sound waves above the normal range of human hearing. It generates high frequency sound wave and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor (if there is any obstacle).
Ultrasonic sensor sends sound wave through transmitter and makes it possible for the microcontroller to measure the time it takes (echo) to return the receiver. The microcontroller sends a pulse to ultrasonic sensor in order to start the measurement. Then, the sensor waits long enough for the microcontroller program to start a PULSIN command and in embedded C it is lengthy program. At the same time ultrasonic sensor sends high frequency(40KHZ) pulse to microcontroller . when the sensor detects echo with its receiver, it changes that high signal to low. This indicates to the microcontroller that there is an obstacle and enables interrupt pin i.e pin 13 in our project.
3 EMBEDDED C LANGUAGE:
The language here we are using for programming is embedded C. We can use either Embedded C or assembly language .The reasons for using C language are
1. It is user friendly
2. It is portable. In case of assembly language, mnemonics for different microcontrollers are different. So we can’t use the same program for another microcontroller. But this is not in the case of embedded C.
Working:
This system consists of a buzzer and display system arranged at front side of a vehicle.
For sensing the obstacle, two ultrasonic sensors are used which are arranged side by side in the front of the vehicle.
From one sensor, signal is transmitted and due to presence of the vehicle in front of it , the signal is reflected and is received by the other sensor.
When the ultrasonic signal is interrupted, logic low signal is generated and it is fed to microcontroller which activates the interrupt pin.
Then the controller activates display board and buzzer automatically.
The energized display board will display ‘VEHICLE AHEAD’.
When there is no obstacle display board will display
4 CONCLUSION:
Hence, ACCIDENT ALERT SYSTEM is mainly used to alert the driver to prevent accidents. This kind of system can be installed in all types of vehicles, especially in commercial vehicles, so that accidents rate can be minimized. This project provides an efficient and economical security system.