17-07-2014, 04:19 PM
AIR DEFENSE GUN
[attachment=65938]
INTRODUCTION
As the semi-conductor technology is experiencing rapid growth, human life gets complicated without “embedded system”. Nowadays these new technologies are introduced in the equipments engaged in the battlefield to improve the safety of soldiers and also to ensure combat effectiveness. Our scope is to develop a mechanism to automatically control the movement of the air defense gun mounted on the tank. To understand our project better, let’s consider our indigenous tank ‘ARJUN’ designed by CVRDE, DRDO. It consists of hull and turret. The latter is provided with three hatches .There are four crew members namely loader, gunner, driver and commander .The tank is equipped with three guns, namely main gun, machine gun and air defense gun. Main gun uses FSAPDS and HESH as ammunition, the coaxial 7.62mm PKT machine gun and a 12.7mm air defense machine gun. A 5.45mm AKS-74 assault rifle is carried on a storage rack.
Air defense gun is mounted on the loader’s hatch in the turret of the tank and is controlled by the loader .It is primarily used to attack low flying armored vehicles. Presently the gunner has to expose himself to track the enemy vehicle and attack the target and so he becomes vulnerable to external foes, added to it he has to manually adjust the desired elevation and depression of the air defense gun.
Our project focuses on the safety of the gunner by employing embedded systems to position the air defense gun without having the gunner exposed
PRESENT STATUS ON MBT ARJUN
Presently the air defense gun is maneuvered manually both in azimuth and vertical planes. This entails operation of the air defense gun by the loader in the hatch opened condition, exposing the loader to the attack by the enemy. Also this manual operation will be a tiring activity.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
The system should enable sighting of the target through a sight, aiming the target in hatch closed condition by slewing and elevating/ depressing anti-aircraft gun The system should enable the rotation of loader’s hatch in azimuth plane both in anti-clockwise and clockwise direction through 360 degree. The movement of air defense gun in the vertical plane is from -10 degree to +70 degree. The system also requires automatic stopping of gun movement if it attains the extreme positions in the vertical plane.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
JOYSTICK
• Joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick.
• The joystick has been the principal flight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, particularly military fast jets, where center stick or side-stick location may be employed.
• Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones.
SPECIFICATION
Important factors to consider when evaluating an LCD monitor:
Resolution: The horizontal and vertical screen size expressed in pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Unlike CRT monitors, LCD monitors have a native-supported resolution for best display effect.
Dot pitch: The distance between the centers of two adjacent pixels. The smaller the dot pitch size, the less granularity is present, resulting in a sharper image. Dot pitch may be the same both vertically and horizontally, or different (less common).
Viewable size: The size of an LCD panel measured on the diagonal (more specifically known as active display area).
Response time: The minimum time necessary to change a pixel's colour or brightness. Response time is also divided into rise and fall time. For LCD monitors, this is measured in btb (black to black) or gtg (gray to gray). These different types of measurements make comparison difficult.
Input lag - a delay between the moment monitor receives the image over display link and the moment the image is displayed. Input lag is caused by internal digital processing such as image scaling, noise reduction and details enhancement, as well as advanced techniques like frame interpolation. Input lag can measure as high as 3-4 frames (in excess of 67 ms for a 60p/60i signal). Some monitors and TV sets feature a special "gaming mode" which disables most internal processing and sets the display to its native resolution.
Refresh rate: The number of times per second in which the monitor draws the data it is being given. Since activated LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker, no matter how low the refresh rate.[3] High-end LCD televisions now feature up to 240 Hz refresh rate, which allows advanced digital processing to insert additional interpolated frames to smooth up motion, especially with lower-frame rate 24p material like the Blu-ray disc. However, such high refresh rates may not be supported by pixel response times, and additional processing can introduce considerable input lag.
Matrix type: Active TFT or Passive.
Viewing angle: (coll., more specifically known as viewing direction).
Colour support: How many types of colours are supported (coll., more specifically known as colour gamut).
Brightness: The amount of light emitted from the display (coll., more specifically known as luminance).
Contrast ratio: The ratio of the intensity of the brightest bright to the darkest dark.
LIMIT SWITCH
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and non conducting.
A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically-operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is an automatically-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be pad-locked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.
TRIGGER
A trigger is a mechanism that actuates the firing sequence of firearms, or a power tool. Triggers almost universally consist of levers or buttons actuated by the index finger. Rare variations use the thumb to actuate the trigger.
Firearms use triggers to initiate the firing of a cartridge in the firing chamber of the weapon. This is accomplished by actuating a striking device through a combination of spring and kinetic energy operating through a firing pin to strike and ignite the primer
[attachment=65938]
INTRODUCTION
As the semi-conductor technology is experiencing rapid growth, human life gets complicated without “embedded system”. Nowadays these new technologies are introduced in the equipments engaged in the battlefield to improve the safety of soldiers and also to ensure combat effectiveness. Our scope is to develop a mechanism to automatically control the movement of the air defense gun mounted on the tank. To understand our project better, let’s consider our indigenous tank ‘ARJUN’ designed by CVRDE, DRDO. It consists of hull and turret. The latter is provided with three hatches .There are four crew members namely loader, gunner, driver and commander .The tank is equipped with three guns, namely main gun, machine gun and air defense gun. Main gun uses FSAPDS and HESH as ammunition, the coaxial 7.62mm PKT machine gun and a 12.7mm air defense machine gun. A 5.45mm AKS-74 assault rifle is carried on a storage rack.
Air defense gun is mounted on the loader’s hatch in the turret of the tank and is controlled by the loader .It is primarily used to attack low flying armored vehicles. Presently the gunner has to expose himself to track the enemy vehicle and attack the target and so he becomes vulnerable to external foes, added to it he has to manually adjust the desired elevation and depression of the air defense gun.
Our project focuses on the safety of the gunner by employing embedded systems to position the air defense gun without having the gunner exposed
PRESENT STATUS ON MBT ARJUN
Presently the air defense gun is maneuvered manually both in azimuth and vertical planes. This entails operation of the air defense gun by the loader in the hatch opened condition, exposing the loader to the attack by the enemy. Also this manual operation will be a tiring activity.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
The system should enable sighting of the target through a sight, aiming the target in hatch closed condition by slewing and elevating/ depressing anti-aircraft gun The system should enable the rotation of loader’s hatch in azimuth plane both in anti-clockwise and clockwise direction through 360 degree. The movement of air defense gun in the vertical plane is from -10 degree to +70 degree. The system also requires automatic stopping of gun movement if it attains the extreme positions in the vertical plane.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
JOYSTICK
• Joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick.
• The joystick has been the principal flight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, particularly military fast jets, where center stick or side-stick location may be employed.
• Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones.
SPECIFICATION
Important factors to consider when evaluating an LCD monitor:
Resolution: The horizontal and vertical screen size expressed in pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Unlike CRT monitors, LCD monitors have a native-supported resolution for best display effect.
Dot pitch: The distance between the centers of two adjacent pixels. The smaller the dot pitch size, the less granularity is present, resulting in a sharper image. Dot pitch may be the same both vertically and horizontally, or different (less common).
Viewable size: The size of an LCD panel measured on the diagonal (more specifically known as active display area).
Response time: The minimum time necessary to change a pixel's colour or brightness. Response time is also divided into rise and fall time. For LCD monitors, this is measured in btb (black to black) or gtg (gray to gray). These different types of measurements make comparison difficult.
Input lag - a delay between the moment monitor receives the image over display link and the moment the image is displayed. Input lag is caused by internal digital processing such as image scaling, noise reduction and details enhancement, as well as advanced techniques like frame interpolation. Input lag can measure as high as 3-4 frames (in excess of 67 ms for a 60p/60i signal). Some monitors and TV sets feature a special "gaming mode" which disables most internal processing and sets the display to its native resolution.
Refresh rate: The number of times per second in which the monitor draws the data it is being given. Since activated LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker, no matter how low the refresh rate.[3] High-end LCD televisions now feature up to 240 Hz refresh rate, which allows advanced digital processing to insert additional interpolated frames to smooth up motion, especially with lower-frame rate 24p material like the Blu-ray disc. However, such high refresh rates may not be supported by pixel response times, and additional processing can introduce considerable input lag.
Matrix type: Active TFT or Passive.
Viewing angle: (coll., more specifically known as viewing direction).
Colour support: How many types of colours are supported (coll., more specifically known as colour gamut).
Brightness: The amount of light emitted from the display (coll., more specifically known as luminance).
Contrast ratio: The ratio of the intensity of the brightest bright to the darkest dark.
LIMIT SWITCH
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and non conducting.
A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically-operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is an automatically-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be pad-locked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.
TRIGGER
A trigger is a mechanism that actuates the firing sequence of firearms, or a power tool. Triggers almost universally consist of levers or buttons actuated by the index finger. Rare variations use the thumb to actuate the trigger.
Firearms use triggers to initiate the firing of a cartridge in the firing chamber of the weapon. This is accomplished by actuating a striking device through a combination of spring and kinetic energy operating through a firing pin to strike and ignite the primer