28-07-2014, 02:43 PM
Energy saving:
[attachment=66329]
INTRODUCTION
As we know very well about the crisis of the energy. There are limited resources of energy
on the earth and they are decaying rapidly. So we should think about this topic otherwise
it may be a major problem in future.
Solution of this problem
There are two ways of solving this problem:
1. Producing new non conventional energy resources.
2. By saving some energy if anywhere it is being wasted.
Here in our project we consider both ways, producing as well as saving energy.
1.1 Producing non conventional energy:
Generally we see that many vehicles pass on a single road per day. So here in our project
we are producing some energy by the movement of the road traffic. We are storing such
nonconventional energy which is free.
WORKING:
In this project we show that how we generate a valuable voltage with the help of moving
traffic on the road. In this project we use conversion of mechanical energy into electrical
energy. For this purpose we install one mechanical dynamo on the road. With the help of
this dynamo we convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. We use dc dynamo,
so output from the dynamo is connected to the dc battery. When battery is fully charged
then we use battery for our project.
We install one photoelectric effect in the project. Street light is to be switch on
automatically in the night and lights are automatically off in the day night.
In this project we switch on the street light in night in half mode. Half mode means all the
lights are to be on in 50 percent on/off mode. Rests of lights are to be on if the traffic is on
the road. If the road is with traffic then all the lights are on. If the road is without traffic
then 50 percent lights are again off.
For road sensing, we use two pair of
CIRCUIT
In this project we use 89s51 controller is a family member of the 8051 family. Supply
voltage of the microcontroller is 5 volt d.c . For this purpose we convert the battery voltage
into 5 volt dc with the help of the 5 volt regulator circuit. For this purpose we use IC 7805
regulator to regulate the high voltage in to 5 volt dc. One capacitor is ground from the
regulator for filtration. Capacitor here reduce the noise and suppress ripples from power
supply . Output of the regulator is connected to the pin no 40 of the controller directly. On crystal is connected to the pin no 18 and 19 of the controller to provide a clock oscillation
signal. For this purpose we use 12 Mhz crystal. Two capacitors are grounded from the
crystal to reduce the noise. In this project we use two logical circuits. One is light sensitive
logic and second is road sensor logic. When light sensor is in dark then all the lights are on
and when light sensor is in light then all the lights are off. This is done by the light sensor (
LDR). LDR is a light dependent resistor, when light fall on the ldr then ldr offers a low
resistance and when ldr is in dark then ldr offers a high resistance.
Here in this project we use the LDR with the op-amp amplifier circuit. In this project we
use LM 339 op-amp as a comparator .LM 339 is quad op-amp circuit with four op-amp in
side. Out of this 4 op-amp inside we use three OP-AMP for the comparator circuit.Out of
these four comparator, we use two comparator for the road sensor and one comparator for
the ldr.
When ldr in dark then op-amp comparator gets a high voltage on pin no 6. Pin no 6 is
negative input of the op-amp. As the negative input gets a high voltage compare to the
positive reference voltage then output shifted to the op-amp is negative.. This negative
output now connected to the microcontroller circuit for further operation
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K
bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pinout. The on-chip
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a
highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The
AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full
duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops
the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to
continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the
oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
1 DYNAMO
A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical generator, now means a generator that
produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical
generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many
other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the
alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. They are rarely used for power
generation now because of the dominance of alternating current, the disadvantages of the
commutator, and the ease of converting alternating to direct current using solid
state methods.
The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A small
electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub
dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices.
DESCRIPTION
The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation
into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of
a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set
of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. On small machines
the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger
machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which
are usually called field coils
RECHARGEABLE BATTERY:
A rechargeable battery (also known as a storage battery) is a group of one or more
secondary cells. Rechargeable batteries use electrochemical reactions that are electrically
reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different sizes and use different
combinations of chemicals. Commonly used secondary cell ("rechargeable battery")
chemistries are lead acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium
ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
Rechargeable batteries can offer economic and environmental benefits compared to
disposable batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes as
disposable types (eg. AA, AAA, CR123A). While the rechargeable cells have a higher
initial cost, rechargeable batteries can be recharged many times. Proper selection of a
rechargeable battery system can reduce toxic materials sent to landfills compared to an
equivalent series of disposable batteries. For example, battery manufacturers of NiMH
rechargeable batteries claim a service life of 100-1000 charge cycles for their batteries.
An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in
1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many
household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery
industry generates US$48billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.
Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power
applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and
wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer
data centers.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
A light-emitting diode (LED) (pronounced /ˌɛl.iːˈdiː/) is a semiconductor light source.
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity
red light,but modern versions are available across
the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm
2
), and integrated optical
components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LEDs present
many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability
and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products
for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of
comparable output.
They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources
in automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and intraffic signals. Airbus has used LED
lighting in their A320 Enhanced since 2007, and Boeing plans its use in the 787. The
compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be
developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications
technology
CONCLUSION
Thus by this project we are producing energy from road traffic and this energy is used to
power on the street lights and we are also saving some energy by deciding on-off timing of
the street lights.
Thus we are saving conventional energy resources by the use of non-conventional energy
resource by road traffic.
[attachment=66329]
INTRODUCTION
As we know very well about the crisis of the energy. There are limited resources of energy
on the earth and they are decaying rapidly. So we should think about this topic otherwise
it may be a major problem in future.
Solution of this problem
There are two ways of solving this problem:
1. Producing new non conventional energy resources.
2. By saving some energy if anywhere it is being wasted.
Here in our project we consider both ways, producing as well as saving energy.
1.1 Producing non conventional energy:
Generally we see that many vehicles pass on a single road per day. So here in our project
we are producing some energy by the movement of the road traffic. We are storing such
nonconventional energy which is free.
WORKING:
In this project we show that how we generate a valuable voltage with the help of moving
traffic on the road. In this project we use conversion of mechanical energy into electrical
energy. For this purpose we install one mechanical dynamo on the road. With the help of
this dynamo we convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. We use dc dynamo,
so output from the dynamo is connected to the dc battery. When battery is fully charged
then we use battery for our project.
We install one photoelectric effect in the project. Street light is to be switch on
automatically in the night and lights are automatically off in the day night.
In this project we switch on the street light in night in half mode. Half mode means all the
lights are to be on in 50 percent on/off mode. Rests of lights are to be on if the traffic is on
the road. If the road is with traffic then all the lights are on. If the road is without traffic
then 50 percent lights are again off.
For road sensing, we use two pair of
CIRCUIT
In this project we use 89s51 controller is a family member of the 8051 family. Supply
voltage of the microcontroller is 5 volt d.c . For this purpose we convert the battery voltage
into 5 volt dc with the help of the 5 volt regulator circuit. For this purpose we use IC 7805
regulator to regulate the high voltage in to 5 volt dc. One capacitor is ground from the
regulator for filtration. Capacitor here reduce the noise and suppress ripples from power
supply . Output of the regulator is connected to the pin no 40 of the controller directly. On crystal is connected to the pin no 18 and 19 of the controller to provide a clock oscillation
signal. For this purpose we use 12 Mhz crystal. Two capacitors are grounded from the
crystal to reduce the noise. In this project we use two logical circuits. One is light sensitive
logic and second is road sensor logic. When light sensor is in dark then all the lights are on
and when light sensor is in light then all the lights are off. This is done by the light sensor (
LDR). LDR is a light dependent resistor, when light fall on the ldr then ldr offers a low
resistance and when ldr is in dark then ldr offers a high resistance.
Here in this project we use the LDR with the op-amp amplifier circuit. In this project we
use LM 339 op-amp as a comparator .LM 339 is quad op-amp circuit with four op-amp in
side. Out of this 4 op-amp inside we use three OP-AMP for the comparator circuit.Out of
these four comparator, we use two comparator for the road sensor and one comparator for
the ldr.
When ldr in dark then op-amp comparator gets a high voltage on pin no 6. Pin no 6 is
negative input of the op-amp. As the negative input gets a high voltage compare to the
positive reference voltage then output shifted to the op-amp is negative.. This negative
output now connected to the microcontroller circuit for further operation
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K
bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pinout. The on-chip
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a
highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The
AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full
duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops
the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to
continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the
oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
1 DYNAMO
A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical generator, now means a generator that
produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical
generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many
other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the
alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. They are rarely used for power
generation now because of the dominance of alternating current, the disadvantages of the
commutator, and the ease of converting alternating to direct current using solid
state methods.
The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A small
electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub
dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices.
DESCRIPTION
The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation
into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of
a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set
of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. On small machines
the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger
machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which
are usually called field coils
RECHARGEABLE BATTERY:
A rechargeable battery (also known as a storage battery) is a group of one or more
secondary cells. Rechargeable batteries use electrochemical reactions that are electrically
reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different sizes and use different
combinations of chemicals. Commonly used secondary cell ("rechargeable battery")
chemistries are lead acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium
ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
Rechargeable batteries can offer economic and environmental benefits compared to
disposable batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes as
disposable types (eg. AA, AAA, CR123A). While the rechargeable cells have a higher
initial cost, rechargeable batteries can be recharged many times. Proper selection of a
rechargeable battery system can reduce toxic materials sent to landfills compared to an
equivalent series of disposable batteries. For example, battery manufacturers of NiMH
rechargeable batteries claim a service life of 100-1000 charge cycles for their batteries.
An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in
1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many
household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery
industry generates US$48billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.
Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power
applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and
wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer
data centers.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
A light-emitting diode (LED) (pronounced /ˌɛl.iːˈdiː/) is a semiconductor light source.
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity
red light,but modern versions are available across
the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm
2
), and integrated optical
components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LEDs present
many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability
and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products
for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of
comparable output.
They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources
in automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and intraffic signals. Airbus has used LED
lighting in their A320 Enhanced since 2007, and Boeing plans its use in the 787. The
compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be
developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications
technology
CONCLUSION
Thus by this project we are producing energy from road traffic and this energy is used to
power on the street lights and we are also saving some energy by deciding on-off timing of
the street lights.
Thus we are saving conventional energy resources by the use of non-conventional energy
resource by road traffic.