11-08-2014, 02:58 PM
[i]SEMINAR REPORT ON B L U E - B R A I N[/i]
[attachment=66549]
INTRODUCTION
Human brain is the most valuable creation of God. The man is called intelligent
because of the brain. The brain translates the information delivered by the impulses,
which then enables the person to react. But we loss the knowledge of a brain when the
body is destroyed after the death of man. That knowledge might have been used for
the development of the human society. What happen if we create a brain and up load
the contents of natural brain into it?
Blue Brain
The name of the world’s first virtual brain. That means a machine that can
function as human brain. Today scientists are in research to create an artificial brain
that can think, response, take decision, and keep anything in memory. The main aim
is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without
any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man .So, even
after the death of a person we will not loose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities,
feelings and memories of that man that can be used for the development of the human
society. No one has ever understood the complexity of human brain. It is complex
than any circuitry in the world. So, question may arise “Is it really possible to create a
human brain?” The answer is “Yes”. Because what ever man has created today always
he has followed the nature. When man does not have a device called computer, it was
a big question for all. Technology is growing faster than every thing. IBM is now in
research to create a virtual brain, called “Blue brain”. If possible, this would be the
first virtual brain of the world. With in 30 years, we will be able to scan ourselves into
the computers. Is this the beginning of eternal life?
What is Virtual Brain?
Virtual brain is an artificial brain, which does not actually the natural brain, but
can act as the brain. It can think like brain, take decisions based on the past experience,
and response as the natural brain can. It is possible by using a super computer, with
a huge amount of storage capacity, processing power and an interface between the
human brain and this artificial one. Through this interface the data stored in the natural
brain can be up loaded into the computer. So the brain and the knowledge, intelligence
of anyone can be kept and used for ever, even after the death of the person.
WORKING OF NATURAL BRAIN
Getting to know more about Human Brain
The brain essentially serves as the body’s information processing centre. It
receives signals from sensory neurons (nerve cell bodies and their axons and dendrites)
in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in response it generates and sends
new signals that instruct the corresponding parts of the body to move or react in some
way. It also integrates signals received from the body with signals from adjacent areas
of the brain, giving rise to perception and consciousness. The brain weighs about 1,500
grams (3 pounds) and constitutes about 2 percent of total body weight. It consists of
three major divisions;
HOW THE BLUE BRAIN PROJECT WILL WORK?
Architecture of Blue Gene
Blue Gene/L is built using system-on-a-chip technology in which all functions
of a node (except for main memory) are integrated onto a single application-specific
integrated circuit (ASIC). This ASIC includes 2 PowerPC 440 cores running at 700
MHz. Associated with each core is a 64-bit “double” floating point unit (FPU) that
can operate in single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) mode. Each (single) FPU can
execute up to 2 “multiply-adds” per cycle, which means that the peak performance of
the chip is 8 floating point operations per cycle (4 under normal conditions, with no
use of SIMD mode). This leads to a peak performance of 5.6 billion floating point
operations per second (gigaFLOPS or GFLOPS) per chip or node, or 2.8 GFLOPS
Interpreting the Results
Running the Blue Brain simulation generates huge amounts of data. Analyses
of individual neurons must be repeated thousands of times. And analyses dealing with
the network activity must deal with data that easily reaches hundreds of gigabytes per
second of simulation. Using massively parallel computers the data can be analyzed
where it is created (server-side analysis for experimental data, online analysis during
simulation)
Data Manipulation Cascade
Building the Blue Column requires a series of data manipulations .The first
step is to parse each three-dimensional morphology and correct errors due to the in
vitro preparation and reconstruction. The repaired neurons are placed in a database
from which statistics for the different anatomical classes of neurons are obtained.
These statistics are used to clone an indefinite number of neurons in each class to
capture the full morphological diversity. The next step is to take each neuron and
insert ion channel models in order to produce the array of electrical types. The field
has reached a sufficient stage of convergence to generate efforts to classify neurons,
such as the Petilla Convention - a conference held in October 2005 on anatomical and
electrical types of neocortical interneuron, established by the community. Single-cell
gene expression studies of neocortical interneurons now provide detailed predictions
of the specific combinations of more than 20 ion channel genes that underlie electrical
diversity. A database of biologically accurate Hodgkin-Huxley ion channel models is
being produced. The simulator NEURON is used with automated fitting algorithms
running on Blue Gene to insert ion channels and adjust their parameters to capture the
specific electrical properties of the different electrical types found in each anatomical
class. The statistical variations within each electrical class are also used to
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
The synthesis era in neuroscience started with the launch of the Human Brain
Project and is an inevitable phase triggered by a critical amount of fundamental data.
The data set does not need to be complete before such a phase can begin. Indeed, it
is essential to guide reductionist research into the deeper facets of brain structure and
function. As a complement to experimental research, it offers rapid assessment of the
probable effect of a new finding on preexisting knowledge, which can no longer be
managed completely by any one researcher. Detailed models will probably become
the final form of databases that are used to organize all knowledge of the brain and
allow hypothesis testing, rapid diagnoses of brain malfunction, as well as development
of treatments for neurological disorders. In short, we can hope to learn a great deal
about brain function and disfunction from accurate models of the brain .The time taken
to build detailed models of the brain depends on the level of detail that is captured.
Indeed, the first version of the Blue Column, which has 10,000 neurons, has already
been built and simulated; it is the refinement of the detailed properties and calibration
of the circuit that takes time
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we will be able to transfer ourselves into computers at some
point. Most arguments against this outcome are seemingly easy to circumvent. They
are either simple minded, or simply require further time for technology to increase.
The only serious threats raised are also overcome as we note the combination of
biological and digital technologies.
[attachment=66549]
INTRODUCTION
Human brain is the most valuable creation of God. The man is called intelligent
because of the brain. The brain translates the information delivered by the impulses,
which then enables the person to react. But we loss the knowledge of a brain when the
body is destroyed after the death of man. That knowledge might have been used for
the development of the human society. What happen if we create a brain and up load
the contents of natural brain into it?
Blue Brain
The name of the world’s first virtual brain. That means a machine that can
function as human brain. Today scientists are in research to create an artificial brain
that can think, response, take decision, and keep anything in memory. The main aim
is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without
any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man .So, even
after the death of a person we will not loose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities,
feelings and memories of that man that can be used for the development of the human
society. No one has ever understood the complexity of human brain. It is complex
than any circuitry in the world. So, question may arise “Is it really possible to create a
human brain?” The answer is “Yes”. Because what ever man has created today always
he has followed the nature. When man does not have a device called computer, it was
a big question for all. Technology is growing faster than every thing. IBM is now in
research to create a virtual brain, called “Blue brain”. If possible, this would be the
first virtual brain of the world. With in 30 years, we will be able to scan ourselves into
the computers. Is this the beginning of eternal life?
What is Virtual Brain?
Virtual brain is an artificial brain, which does not actually the natural brain, but
can act as the brain. It can think like brain, take decisions based on the past experience,
and response as the natural brain can. It is possible by using a super computer, with
a huge amount of storage capacity, processing power and an interface between the
human brain and this artificial one. Through this interface the data stored in the natural
brain can be up loaded into the computer. So the brain and the knowledge, intelligence
of anyone can be kept and used for ever, even after the death of the person.
WORKING OF NATURAL BRAIN
Getting to know more about Human Brain
The brain essentially serves as the body’s information processing centre. It
receives signals from sensory neurons (nerve cell bodies and their axons and dendrites)
in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in response it generates and sends
new signals that instruct the corresponding parts of the body to move or react in some
way. It also integrates signals received from the body with signals from adjacent areas
of the brain, giving rise to perception and consciousness. The brain weighs about 1,500
grams (3 pounds) and constitutes about 2 percent of total body weight. It consists of
three major divisions;
HOW THE BLUE BRAIN PROJECT WILL WORK?
Architecture of Blue Gene
Blue Gene/L is built using system-on-a-chip technology in which all functions
of a node (except for main memory) are integrated onto a single application-specific
integrated circuit (ASIC). This ASIC includes 2 PowerPC 440 cores running at 700
MHz. Associated with each core is a 64-bit “double” floating point unit (FPU) that
can operate in single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) mode. Each (single) FPU can
execute up to 2 “multiply-adds” per cycle, which means that the peak performance of
the chip is 8 floating point operations per cycle (4 under normal conditions, with no
use of SIMD mode). This leads to a peak performance of 5.6 billion floating point
operations per second (gigaFLOPS or GFLOPS) per chip or node, or 2.8 GFLOPS
Interpreting the Results
Running the Blue Brain simulation generates huge amounts of data. Analyses
of individual neurons must be repeated thousands of times. And analyses dealing with
the network activity must deal with data that easily reaches hundreds of gigabytes per
second of simulation. Using massively parallel computers the data can be analyzed
where it is created (server-side analysis for experimental data, online analysis during
simulation)
Data Manipulation Cascade
Building the Blue Column requires a series of data manipulations .The first
step is to parse each three-dimensional morphology and correct errors due to the in
vitro preparation and reconstruction. The repaired neurons are placed in a database
from which statistics for the different anatomical classes of neurons are obtained.
These statistics are used to clone an indefinite number of neurons in each class to
capture the full morphological diversity. The next step is to take each neuron and
insert ion channel models in order to produce the array of electrical types. The field
has reached a sufficient stage of convergence to generate efforts to classify neurons,
such as the Petilla Convention - a conference held in October 2005 on anatomical and
electrical types of neocortical interneuron, established by the community. Single-cell
gene expression studies of neocortical interneurons now provide detailed predictions
of the specific combinations of more than 20 ion channel genes that underlie electrical
diversity. A database of biologically accurate Hodgkin-Huxley ion channel models is
being produced. The simulator NEURON is used with automated fitting algorithms
running on Blue Gene to insert ion channels and adjust their parameters to capture the
specific electrical properties of the different electrical types found in each anatomical
class. The statistical variations within each electrical class are also used to
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
The synthesis era in neuroscience started with the launch of the Human Brain
Project and is an inevitable phase triggered by a critical amount of fundamental data.
The data set does not need to be complete before such a phase can begin. Indeed, it
is essential to guide reductionist research into the deeper facets of brain structure and
function. As a complement to experimental research, it offers rapid assessment of the
probable effect of a new finding on preexisting knowledge, which can no longer be
managed completely by any one researcher. Detailed models will probably become
the final form of databases that are used to organize all knowledge of the brain and
allow hypothesis testing, rapid diagnoses of brain malfunction, as well as development
of treatments for neurological disorders. In short, we can hope to learn a great deal
about brain function and disfunction from accurate models of the brain .The time taken
to build detailed models of the brain depends on the level of detail that is captured.
Indeed, the first version of the Blue Column, which has 10,000 neurons, has already
been built and simulated; it is the refinement of the detailed properties and calibration
of the circuit that takes time
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we will be able to transfer ourselves into computers at some
point. Most arguments against this outcome are seemingly easy to circumvent. They
are either simple minded, or simply require further time for technology to increase.
The only serious threats raised are also overcome as we note the combination of
biological and digital technologies.