12-08-2014, 12:46 PM
seminar report on Holographics Versatile Disc
[attachment=66570]
Introduction
HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc) is the next generation in optical disk technology. HVD is still in a research phase that would phenomenally increase the disk storage capacities over the currently existing HD DVD and Blue-Ray optical disk systems. According to published statistics, when produced in full scale, HVDs will have a storage capacity of 3.9 terabytes (39,000 GB) and a data transfer rate of 1 GB/s, which is at least six times more than the speed of DVD players. This would, without a doubt, become a giant step in revolutionizing the disk storage industry.
It has only been in the last few years that many digitization projects have taken a serious approach to digital preservation. In that time CD-R quickly become the most common optical media for preserving digital images. More recently there has been a move towards DVD-R due to the additional space that it offers. The popularity of both these media is largely due to their ease of use and low cost.
Much of this worry has been centered on the choice of disc manufacturer and the construction method used to create the disc. Of course a project should always buy the best and most reliable discs it can find. However, it should be remembered that loss of digital data stored on optical media is far more likely to be caused by bad writing (burning) or storage rather than by badly manufactured discs in the first place. Optical media can provide reliable back up at a reasonable cost as long as great care and attention is paid to burning them and storing them correctly
What’s the concept behind collinear holographic memories?
HVD also includes servo data. The servo beam in the HVD system is at a wavelength that does not photosensitize the polymer recording medium. In the HVD test system, the servo data is carried in a red (650-nm wavelength) laser. The size and thickness of an HVD is also compatible with CDs and DVDs. The structure of the disc places a thick recording layer between two substrates and incorporates a dichroic mirror that reflects the blue-green light carrying the holography data but allows the red light to pass through in order to gather servo information.
Literature Survey
What’s the technology used in an HVD?
The technology behind these disks is called collinear holography wherein two lasers, one red and the other blue or green, are used. The red laser reads servo information from normal or regular CDs. The servo information is used to monitor the position of the read head over the disk. The blue or green laser reads data encoded as laser interference fringes from the holographic layer. A Dichroic Mirror layer between holographic data and servo data reflects the blue or green laser while allowing the red laser to pass through.
More than a dozen companies including Konica Minolta and Fuji Photo Film have come together to form the HVD alliance to provide a forum for testing and technical discussions, and to design and manufacture HVDs.
Optware and its HVD FORUM Partners have successfully led the way to establishing worldwide industry standards for the interchange of Holographic Information Storage Systems. In December 2004 Geneva based Ecma International approved the establishment of Technical Committee TC44.
Holographic disk is quickly searchable
A holographic disk, written to and read by low-power lasers at Gbit/s rates, stores hundreds of gigabytes and can be searched at rates of 32 Gbyte/s. Although the difference in storage capacity between the digital versatile disk (DVD) and the compact disk (CD) is large enough to push DVD technology into the consumer world (thus rendering millions of personal computers obsolete), this difference is less than an order of magnitude. In fact, the DVD is only an improved version of the CD. While the DVD can be further refined, a radical increase in storage densities requires a different approach. Engineers at Aprilis (Maynard, MA) have developed a CD-sized holographic storage disk that holds on the order of a terabit of information—a factor of a thousand more than a CD (see figure). And, unlike CDs and DVDs, the Aprilis disk is quickly searchable—property that springs naturally from the holographic reading process.
The medium itself is an outgrowth of a holographic material developed in the mid- 1990s at Polaroid (Cambridge, MA). Not long after the material was developed, a three-year investigation by the Photorefractive Information Storage Materials (PRISM) consortium—a group of nine companies and one university, sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)—found the Polaroid version to be the only one of 57 candidate storage materials to meet specifications for a rotating disk digital holographic storage system. Aprilis was formed to fully exploit this material. According to John Berg, chief executive officer of Aprilis, and David Waldman, the company's vice president of research and development, the material's secret lies partially in its low shrinkage upon curing (developing). As the Aprilis medium cures, chemical rings in the material open; this polymerization reduces shrinkage, explains Waldman. In addition, notes Berg, although holographic materials must be preconditioned, or partially cured, the Aprilis medium needs less preconditioning, making it more reactive to light. Such sensitivity allows low-power lasers to be used for recording. Data densities of greater than 100 Gbit/in2 have been achieved— a world record for recording in polymer, claims Berg.
About HVD and Standardization
The Scope of TC44 is to maintain an overall view and strategy for standardization in the field of holographic information storage systems, and to identify and develop Standards, Technical Reports and Guidelines in this field. To monitor and pursue standardization at a global level with regard to ISO/IEC JTC 1 and the international standardization community in general, including but not limited to the AV/IT and computer interfaces community. To develop guidelines for the archival life, testing, maintenance and handling of media recorded by holographic means, and to specify end-of-life monitoring techniques, mechanisms and devices. Over 25 people from numerous companies and Universities around the world have attended the meetings of TC44, including Software Architects Inc., InPhase, Pioneer, Panasonic, Ovalrock, Stanford University, Sony, Fujifilm, CMC Magnetics, Texas Instruments, Optware, Toagosei, Hitachi, Toshiba, Plasmon, Pulstec, Philips and IBM. Ecma International has developed 90% of all modern international standards for interchangeable optical and magnetic storage media. According to Ecma Secretary General Mr. Jan van den Beld, "The large capacity together with the high data transfer speed of holographically recorded media will create a quantum leap in media storage technology. Ecma International prides itself on beginning work on ground-breaking standardization projects at a time which is well aligned with the anticipated availability of products to the commercial market. In this way, those companies who will become the early adopters of those products can work together in the open standards environment of Ecma to reach a broad consensus of support on the minimum set of technical parameters needed to insure true interchangeability of the recorded information. Ecma is very pleased to undertake the standardization of Holographic Versatile Discs, Holographic Versatile Cards and related subjects." TC44 is currently working only on Projects proposed by Optware and its HVD FORUM Partners which are based upon Collinear™ Technologies.
3.2.3 Basics of Holographic Memory
Holographic memory has been around for more than 40 years, but several characteristics made it difficult to implement in a consumer market. First off, most of these systems send the reference beam and the information beam into the recording medium on different axes. This requires highly complex optical systems to line them up at the exact point at which they need to intersect. Another drawback has to do with incompatibility with current storage media: Traditionally, holographic storage systems contained no servo data, because the beam carrying it could interfere with the holography process. Also, previous holographic memory discs have been notably thicker than CDs and DVDs.
Holographic data storage is a potential replacement technology in the area of high-capacity data storage currently dominated by magnetic and conventional optical data storage. Magnetic and optical data storage devices rely on individual bits being stored as distinct magnetic or optical changes on the surface of the recording medium. Holographic data storage overcomes this limitation by recording information throughout the volume of the medium and is capable of recording multiple images in the same area utilizing light at different angles.
Additionally, whereas magnetic and optical data storage records information a bit at a time in a linear fashion, holographic storage is capable of recording and reading millions of bits in parallel, enabling data transfer rates greater than those attained by optical storage.
3.2.4 Recording data
Holographic data storage captures information using an optical inference pattern within a thick, photosensitive optical material. Light from a single laser beam is divided into two separate beams, a reference beam and an object or signal beam; a spatial light modulator is used to encode the object beam with the data for storage. An optical inference pattern results from the crossing of the beams’ paths, creating a chemical and/or physical change in the photosensitive medium; the resulting data is represented in an optical pattern of dark and light pixels. By adjusting the reference beam angle, wavelength, or media position, a multitude of holograms (theoretically, several thousand) can be stored on a single volume. The theoretical limits for the storage density of this technique are approximately tens of terabits (1 terabit = 1024 gigabits, 8 gigabits = 1
3.3.1 In the video game market
It is believed that Nintendo will be the first video game console maker to implement holographic data storage due to the recent uncovering of a Joint Research Agreement (a written contract, grant, or cooperative agreement entered into by two or more persons or entities for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work in the field of the claimed invention) between Inphase and Nintendo.
Nintendo is also mentioned in the patent as a joint applicant: "... disclosure is herein made that the claimed invention was made pursuant to a Joint Research Agreement as defined in 35 U.S.C. 103 ©(3), that was in effect on or before the date the claimed invention was made, and as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the Joint Research Agreement, by or on the behalf of Nintendo Co., and InPhase Technologies, Inc.
• It is speculated that this method of storage will be made available in the video game market as early as the near future for the Wii, Nintendo's current home console
Effect of annealing
For a doubly doped LiNbO3 crystal there exists an optimum oxidation/reduction state for desired performance. This optimum depends on the doping levels of shallow and deep traps as well as the annealing conditions for the crystal samples. This optimum state generally occurs when 95 – 98% of the deep traps are filled. In a strongly oxidized sample holograms cannot be easily recorded and the diffraction efficiency is very low. This is because the shallow trap is completely empty and the deep trap is also almost devoid of electrons. In a highly reduced sample on the other hand, the deep traps are completely filled and the shallow traps are also partially filled. This results in very good sensitivity (fast recording) and high diffraction efficiency due to the availability of electrons in the shallow traps. However during readout, all the deep traps get filled quickly and the resulting holograms reside in the shallow traps where they are totally erased by further readout. Hence after extensive readout the diffraction efficiency drops to zero and the hologram stored cannot be fixed
HVD Adoption
The biggest challenge for HVD will be in establishing itself in the commercial market, which as of now seems to be a distant dream, given its higher cost margins. It is anticipated that a single HVD, when commercially available, may cost anywhere between $100-120 (by 2006 year's end), and the reader will be priced anywhere in the range of $10,000 to $15,000. However, like anything else associated with technology, the price will soon fall as R&DD costs are recouped and competitions lower profit margins
Conclusions
As holographic versatile disk performs volumetric storage of data, we are able to store large amount of data approximately 1.3 Tbytes of data on a single disk.
An HVD would be a successor to today’s Blu-ray and HD-DVD technologies. It can transfer data at the rate of 1 Gigabit per second. The technology permits over 10 kilobits of data to be written and read in parallel with a single flash. The disk will store 1 terabyte (TB) of data on a single optical disk.
[attachment=66570]
Introduction
HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc) is the next generation in optical disk technology. HVD is still in a research phase that would phenomenally increase the disk storage capacities over the currently existing HD DVD and Blue-Ray optical disk systems. According to published statistics, when produced in full scale, HVDs will have a storage capacity of 3.9 terabytes (39,000 GB) and a data transfer rate of 1 GB/s, which is at least six times more than the speed of DVD players. This would, without a doubt, become a giant step in revolutionizing the disk storage industry.
It has only been in the last few years that many digitization projects have taken a serious approach to digital preservation. In that time CD-R quickly become the most common optical media for preserving digital images. More recently there has been a move towards DVD-R due to the additional space that it offers. The popularity of both these media is largely due to their ease of use and low cost.
Much of this worry has been centered on the choice of disc manufacturer and the construction method used to create the disc. Of course a project should always buy the best and most reliable discs it can find. However, it should be remembered that loss of digital data stored on optical media is far more likely to be caused by bad writing (burning) or storage rather than by badly manufactured discs in the first place. Optical media can provide reliable back up at a reasonable cost as long as great care and attention is paid to burning them and storing them correctly
What’s the concept behind collinear holographic memories?
HVD also includes servo data. The servo beam in the HVD system is at a wavelength that does not photosensitize the polymer recording medium. In the HVD test system, the servo data is carried in a red (650-nm wavelength) laser. The size and thickness of an HVD is also compatible with CDs and DVDs. The structure of the disc places a thick recording layer between two substrates and incorporates a dichroic mirror that reflects the blue-green light carrying the holography data but allows the red light to pass through in order to gather servo information.
Literature Survey
What’s the technology used in an HVD?
The technology behind these disks is called collinear holography wherein two lasers, one red and the other blue or green, are used. The red laser reads servo information from normal or regular CDs. The servo information is used to monitor the position of the read head over the disk. The blue or green laser reads data encoded as laser interference fringes from the holographic layer. A Dichroic Mirror layer between holographic data and servo data reflects the blue or green laser while allowing the red laser to pass through.
More than a dozen companies including Konica Minolta and Fuji Photo Film have come together to form the HVD alliance to provide a forum for testing and technical discussions, and to design and manufacture HVDs.
Optware and its HVD FORUM Partners have successfully led the way to establishing worldwide industry standards for the interchange of Holographic Information Storage Systems. In December 2004 Geneva based Ecma International approved the establishment of Technical Committee TC44.
Holographic disk is quickly searchable
A holographic disk, written to and read by low-power lasers at Gbit/s rates, stores hundreds of gigabytes and can be searched at rates of 32 Gbyte/s. Although the difference in storage capacity between the digital versatile disk (DVD) and the compact disk (CD) is large enough to push DVD technology into the consumer world (thus rendering millions of personal computers obsolete), this difference is less than an order of magnitude. In fact, the DVD is only an improved version of the CD. While the DVD can be further refined, a radical increase in storage densities requires a different approach. Engineers at Aprilis (Maynard, MA) have developed a CD-sized holographic storage disk that holds on the order of a terabit of information—a factor of a thousand more than a CD (see figure). And, unlike CDs and DVDs, the Aprilis disk is quickly searchable—property that springs naturally from the holographic reading process.
The medium itself is an outgrowth of a holographic material developed in the mid- 1990s at Polaroid (Cambridge, MA). Not long after the material was developed, a three-year investigation by the Photorefractive Information Storage Materials (PRISM) consortium—a group of nine companies and one university, sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)—found the Polaroid version to be the only one of 57 candidate storage materials to meet specifications for a rotating disk digital holographic storage system. Aprilis was formed to fully exploit this material. According to John Berg, chief executive officer of Aprilis, and David Waldman, the company's vice president of research and development, the material's secret lies partially in its low shrinkage upon curing (developing). As the Aprilis medium cures, chemical rings in the material open; this polymerization reduces shrinkage, explains Waldman. In addition, notes Berg, although holographic materials must be preconditioned, or partially cured, the Aprilis medium needs less preconditioning, making it more reactive to light. Such sensitivity allows low-power lasers to be used for recording. Data densities of greater than 100 Gbit/in2 have been achieved— a world record for recording in polymer, claims Berg.
About HVD and Standardization
The Scope of TC44 is to maintain an overall view and strategy for standardization in the field of holographic information storage systems, and to identify and develop Standards, Technical Reports and Guidelines in this field. To monitor and pursue standardization at a global level with regard to ISO/IEC JTC 1 and the international standardization community in general, including but not limited to the AV/IT and computer interfaces community. To develop guidelines for the archival life, testing, maintenance and handling of media recorded by holographic means, and to specify end-of-life monitoring techniques, mechanisms and devices. Over 25 people from numerous companies and Universities around the world have attended the meetings of TC44, including Software Architects Inc., InPhase, Pioneer, Panasonic, Ovalrock, Stanford University, Sony, Fujifilm, CMC Magnetics, Texas Instruments, Optware, Toagosei, Hitachi, Toshiba, Plasmon, Pulstec, Philips and IBM. Ecma International has developed 90% of all modern international standards for interchangeable optical and magnetic storage media. According to Ecma Secretary General Mr. Jan van den Beld, "The large capacity together with the high data transfer speed of holographically recorded media will create a quantum leap in media storage technology. Ecma International prides itself on beginning work on ground-breaking standardization projects at a time which is well aligned with the anticipated availability of products to the commercial market. In this way, those companies who will become the early adopters of those products can work together in the open standards environment of Ecma to reach a broad consensus of support on the minimum set of technical parameters needed to insure true interchangeability of the recorded information. Ecma is very pleased to undertake the standardization of Holographic Versatile Discs, Holographic Versatile Cards and related subjects." TC44 is currently working only on Projects proposed by Optware and its HVD FORUM Partners which are based upon Collinear™ Technologies.
3.2.3 Basics of Holographic Memory
Holographic memory has been around for more than 40 years, but several characteristics made it difficult to implement in a consumer market. First off, most of these systems send the reference beam and the information beam into the recording medium on different axes. This requires highly complex optical systems to line them up at the exact point at which they need to intersect. Another drawback has to do with incompatibility with current storage media: Traditionally, holographic storage systems contained no servo data, because the beam carrying it could interfere with the holography process. Also, previous holographic memory discs have been notably thicker than CDs and DVDs.
Holographic data storage is a potential replacement technology in the area of high-capacity data storage currently dominated by magnetic and conventional optical data storage. Magnetic and optical data storage devices rely on individual bits being stored as distinct magnetic or optical changes on the surface of the recording medium. Holographic data storage overcomes this limitation by recording information throughout the volume of the medium and is capable of recording multiple images in the same area utilizing light at different angles.
Additionally, whereas magnetic and optical data storage records information a bit at a time in a linear fashion, holographic storage is capable of recording and reading millions of bits in parallel, enabling data transfer rates greater than those attained by optical storage.
3.2.4 Recording data
Holographic data storage captures information using an optical inference pattern within a thick, photosensitive optical material. Light from a single laser beam is divided into two separate beams, a reference beam and an object or signal beam; a spatial light modulator is used to encode the object beam with the data for storage. An optical inference pattern results from the crossing of the beams’ paths, creating a chemical and/or physical change in the photosensitive medium; the resulting data is represented in an optical pattern of dark and light pixels. By adjusting the reference beam angle, wavelength, or media position, a multitude of holograms (theoretically, several thousand) can be stored on a single volume. The theoretical limits for the storage density of this technique are approximately tens of terabits (1 terabit = 1024 gigabits, 8 gigabits = 1
3.3.1 In the video game market
It is believed that Nintendo will be the first video game console maker to implement holographic data storage due to the recent uncovering of a Joint Research Agreement (a written contract, grant, or cooperative agreement entered into by two or more persons or entities for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work in the field of the claimed invention) between Inphase and Nintendo.
Nintendo is also mentioned in the patent as a joint applicant: "... disclosure is herein made that the claimed invention was made pursuant to a Joint Research Agreement as defined in 35 U.S.C. 103 ©(3), that was in effect on or before the date the claimed invention was made, and as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the Joint Research Agreement, by or on the behalf of Nintendo Co., and InPhase Technologies, Inc.
• It is speculated that this method of storage will be made available in the video game market as early as the near future for the Wii, Nintendo's current home console
Effect of annealing
For a doubly doped LiNbO3 crystal there exists an optimum oxidation/reduction state for desired performance. This optimum depends on the doping levels of shallow and deep traps as well as the annealing conditions for the crystal samples. This optimum state generally occurs when 95 – 98% of the deep traps are filled. In a strongly oxidized sample holograms cannot be easily recorded and the diffraction efficiency is very low. This is because the shallow trap is completely empty and the deep trap is also almost devoid of electrons. In a highly reduced sample on the other hand, the deep traps are completely filled and the shallow traps are also partially filled. This results in very good sensitivity (fast recording) and high diffraction efficiency due to the availability of electrons in the shallow traps. However during readout, all the deep traps get filled quickly and the resulting holograms reside in the shallow traps where they are totally erased by further readout. Hence after extensive readout the diffraction efficiency drops to zero and the hologram stored cannot be fixed
HVD Adoption
The biggest challenge for HVD will be in establishing itself in the commercial market, which as of now seems to be a distant dream, given its higher cost margins. It is anticipated that a single HVD, when commercially available, may cost anywhere between $100-120 (by 2006 year's end), and the reader will be priced anywhere in the range of $10,000 to $15,000. However, like anything else associated with technology, the price will soon fall as R&DD costs are recouped and competitions lower profit margins
Conclusions
As holographic versatile disk performs volumetric storage of data, we are able to store large amount of data approximately 1.3 Tbytes of data on a single disk.
An HVD would be a successor to today’s Blu-ray and HD-DVD technologies. It can transfer data at the rate of 1 Gigabit per second. The technology permits over 10 kilobits of data to be written and read in parallel with a single flash. The disk will store 1 terabyte (TB) of data on a single optical disk.