12-08-2014, 03:52 PM
PROJECT REPORT ON MONIT ONILNE HELP DESK FOR THE FACILITIES IN THE CAMPUS
[attachment=66587]
INTRODUCTION
APTECH INSTITUTE is the IT education institute. Its vision is to train the students. We strive to get thousands of our students globally career ready and fiercely competitive. By teaching the latest curriculum our students are imparted industry relevant programs. We are running very successfully having maximum strength of students and best faculty available. We are pioneer in computer education. It is first institute that established in Hubli for education support services and to start advanced courses like C,C++,Java, ASP.Net, VC++,
• Curriculum has been designed to meet the ever changing demands of the industries
• Best faculty available
• Library Facility
• Economic fee structure
We have trained students from different courses like B.E, M.C.A, B.Sc, PGDCA, BCA, Polytechnic etc., till now on various fields of emerging IT industries. The students trained in our esteemed organization have been working in many Multi-National Companies and IT Companies among which IBM; TCS are some of the few names. We have trained many students especially in C, C++, JAVA, Visual BASIC, ASP and .NET
As of now we are maintaining the software’s developed to our clients in different fields of markets like Hotel, Dall Industries, Finance’s, Pharmaceuticals Distributors, Departmental Stores, etc.
We are also the leading web developers maintaining the web authorization of many organizations.
ABSTRACT
This project is aimed at developing an Online Help Desk (OHD) for the facilities in the campus. This is an Intranet based application that can be accessed throughout the campus. This system can be used to automate the workflow of service requests for the various facilities in the campus. This is one integrated system that covers different kinds of facilities like class-rooms, labs, hostels, mess, canteen, gymnasium, computer center, faculty club etc. Registered users (students, faculty, lab-assistants and others) will be able to log in a request for service for any of the supported facilities. These requests will be sent to the concerned people, who are also valid users of the system, to get them resolved. There are features like email notifications/reminders, addition of a new facility to the system, report generators etc in this system.
EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing system does not provide the computerized way of maintaining the information about the campus. If students want to get the information about the companies which are coming for the interview then students need to talk with the concern people for latest update information
PROPOSED SYSTEM
In this application even we can provide the following details
Exam Notification: This informs you about the current or forthcoming exams. By developing the system following facilities can be attained.
• Easy to handle and feasible.
• Cost reduction.
• Fast and convenient.
Online Fee payment: Parents can pay the fee of their children by online, which ensures secure transmission.
Interactive section for parents: Here parents can interact with the concerned staff about the student
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Analysis and evaluation of a proposed project to determine if it is technically feasible, is feasible within the estimated cost, and will be profitable. Feasibility studies are almost always conducted where large sums are at stake. Also called feasibility analysis.
The main difficulty with this You have probably noticed that the same web page may look different depending on what browser you are using and even what version of the browser. In some cases a web page will not work properly unless you upgrade to the latest version of a particular browser. Likewise a web page may work fine with an older browser but not a newer one.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
Also the developers of browser-based applications have to make sure their user interface works with multiple browsers and versions of those browsers. This means it takes more time to develop and test each new feature, and every time a new version of a browser comes out this problem becomes worse. It also means that it takes more time and is more expensive to implement new features in browser-based systems. Consequently, web client systems will eventually overtake browser-based competitors with either lower price or better functionality or both.
The time slot could be 100 milliseconds. If job1 takes a total time of 250ms to complete, the Round-Robin scheduler will suspend the job after 100ms and give other jobs their time on the CPU. Once the other jobs have had their equal share (100ms each), job1 will get another allocation of CPU time and the cycle will repeat. This process continues until the job finishes and needs no more time on the CPU.
OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY
Lastly there is the issue of performance. Web-based applications work by sending data over the internet or intranet. This mode of communication is relatively slow compared to network speeds and when the database becomes large there will be performance problems with many web-based applications. However, it is easy for a web-client application to solve performance problems caused by data transmission simply by caching data on the client computers. Browser based applications can do some caching too, however, the cached data is generally stored in RAM and lost when the browser is closed. PR-Tracker on the other hand uses a cached database to improve performance. When PR-Tracker is closed the cache remains intact. Consequently, there are many actions PR-Tracker Web Client can do in a split second that may take minutes with a browser-based application or may even be impossible.
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTAION
ASP.NET
What distinguishes the web hobbyist from the professional developer is the ability to store and retrieve data from a server over the Internet. Some readers may have made that step with PHP or Perl, and for them the journey has already begun. For others, ASP.NET 3.5 is just the next step in the growth and development of ASP.NET. For them, much will be familiar and some will be very new. If the transition is from ASP.NET using Visual Basic to ASP.NET with C#, then you will find even more new, and the transition to C# is going to be easier than many imagine. Still others are making the first step into the realm of server-side programming, so just about everything about ASP.NET 3.5 and C# 3.0 is new.For those using ASP.NET for the first time, the good news is that the transition to the server side could hardly be easier. Everything in this book is set up to learn ASP.NET 3.5 and C# 3.0 using Visual Studio 2008. Using the tools built into Visual Studio 2008, you will quickly learn that most of what needs to be done can be accomplished by dragging controls into a visual editor. And with the “code behind” method, C# is added in a separate file, so when editing code, you will see a clear separation—the C# 3.0 code comes “behind” the ASP.NET 3.5 code. For the most part, though, you need only a minimum of coding skills in either ASP.NET, which feels a lot like HTML, or C#, which has many features recognizable from JavaScript. However, make no mistake about it, C# 3.0 is a full-fledged coding language with the power of any good object-oriented programming (OOP) language. Most of the C# you need is simply working with functions and subroutines called by ASP.NET events. As a result, learning C# is quite simple, and you’ll get a lot of help from Visual Studio 2008 coding tips and built-in IntelliSense. However, if you wish not to use Visual Studio 2008, all of the code for both the ASP.NET and C# is provided as well. (You can program it all using Notepad if you like!) You can find a free Express version of Visual Studio 2008 at www.micr osoftexpress/download/, and it has much of the functionality of the full-fledged version. Likewise, you will find an Express Edition of SQL Server 2005, and with them both you can learn ASP.NET 3.5 and C# 3.0 on a budget while using a powerful development tool
Visually Design Your Data
Visual Web Developer provides a set of controls dialogs and wizards to help you in communicating with a certain database or data source. First of all you can install SQL Server 2005 Express Edition while you are installing the Visual Web Developer. SQL Server Express Edition is a lightweight database server designed for smaller load web sites. Now let's browse what Visual Web Developer provides for ease of using manipulating and requesting data from a data source.
Data Source Configuration Wizard provides a step by step wizard to help you connecting to a data source, whether this source is an SQL database, an Access database, an XML database, and more. The wizard dynamically pulls
Basic .NET or C#.
Most of the samples in this book were written by hand, without the help of Visual Studio .NET. That’s not a knock on Visual Studio .NET; it’s evidence of my belief that learning is best accomplished by coding and not by having someone else code for you. Once you understand what goes into a Windows form or a Web form or a Web service, you’ll find Visual Studio .NET an able partner in helping to create them. Writing applications the old-fashioned way first will increase your depth of understanding and better prepare you to work in an environment in which tools shoulder part of the load for you.
C# (see section on name, pronunciation) is an object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft as part of the .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by ECMA and ISO.
Anders Hejlsberg leads development of the C# language, which has a procedural, object-oriented syntax based on C++ and includes aspects of several other programming languages (most notably Delphi and Java) with a particular emphasis on simplification.
C# principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft is Anders Hejlsberg. His previous experience in programming language and framework design (Visual J++, Borland Delphi, and Turbo Pascal) can be readily seen in the syntax of the C# language, as well as throughout the Common Language Runtime (CLR) core.
SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES USED
HTML
Learn basic HTML to create your Web site. Basic HTML is not hard to learn. Learning HTML is probably the single most important thing you'll ever do if you want to create your own personal Web site. You must learn HTML to design good pages because it is the language in which Web site on the Internet are based on.
Web sites are a great way to show off something in your life. Basic HTML will let you show the world whatever it is you want to show them on your Web site. Adding colors, changing text size and including pictures on your Web site are just a few of the things you can do when you learn basic HTML.
To learn basic HTML you must keep in mind that it's simply a series of letters that are abbreviations of what they actually stand for. For example, H1 stands for a heading for a paragraph that is the first of five sizes and BR is a line break.
One important thing to remember, while you learn basic HTML, is that on a Web page the HTML tags must come in a certain order and most HTML tags must have a start and end tag for the browser to recognize the command.
An end tag is just simply the same as the start tag except that it starts with the / symbol. A heading would look like this<H1>Heading Here</H1>. There is a start tag, H1, the heading, and an end tag, /H1.
Learn basic HTML the right way and remember that the tags must come in a certain order. The basic structure of a web page is as follows
ASP.NET 3.5 as an Alternative to CGI
Microsoft’s alternative to a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is ASP.NET, now inversion 3.5. As a unified web platform, ASP.NET provides what you need to developapplications that hold state and use the information that you put into the HTML form.
Instead of sending form information into a vacuum when you click a submit button, your data goes where it can be stored temporarily or permanently. Usually, when we think of saving state, we imagine writing the data to a storage device like a hard drive. Using a word processor, every time you save your file, you save its state. Using ASP.NET, you can do the same thing with information from anyone who uses your web application. This allows you to build applications where the information entered can be stored for use with either the next HTTP request or with a whole set of data entered by users all over the world—that’s quite a feat compared with saving state in your word processor file. ASP.NET’s state-management facilities provide you with the tools that you need to control state. You do not necessarily want to save all states of a web page, but you certainly want to save the state of data entered by users and perhaps the URL of a page. Having state management allows you to do this.
Microsoft’s web server, Internet Information Services (IIS), uses the Internet ServerAPI (ISAPI) to make function calls instead of using CGI scripts. By using ISAPI,developers can create web-based applications that execute faster and have greaterextensibility than CGI, among other advantages. At the lowest level, ASP.NET interfaces with IIS through an ISAPI extension.
Structured Query Language (SQL)
To work with data in a database, you must use a set of commands and statements (language) defined by the DBMS software. There are several different languages that can be used with relational databases; the most common is SQL. Standards for SQL have been defined by both the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). Most modern DBMS products support the Entry Level of SQL-92, the latest SQL standard (published in 1992).
C# Will Be Popular
C# is one of the newest programming languages but it will become a very popular language for a number of reasons. One of the key reasons is Microsoft and the promises of .NET.
Microsoft wants C# to be popular. Although a company cannot make a product be popular, it can help. Not long ago, Microsoft suffered the abysmal failure of the Microsoft Bob operating system. Although Microsoft wanted Bob to be popular, it failed.
C# stands a better chance of success than Microsoft Bob. I don’t know whether people at Microsoft actually used Bob in their daily jobs. C#, however, is being
Simplified syntax
++ is an extremely powerful language, it has not typically been considered easy. C# attempts to simplify the syntax to be more consistent and more logical while also removing some of the more complex features of C++. For example, C# does away with pointers. As a type-safe language, C# doesn't allow direct memory manipulation, so pointers are no longer needed in C#.
Header files have also been removed from C#. The namespace and reference operators, and -> respectively, have been replaced with a single operator, the period dot (.).
Perhaps one of the biggest changes is that the int and bool data types are now completely different. This means that you will finally have an end to the assignment vs. comparison problem in if statements. In other words, the following code will not even compile under C#:
int
if (Counter=14) {//do something}
Attempting to compile this code will return an error stating: Cannot implicitly convert type ‘int’ to ‘bool’.
C# also removes memory management issues from the developer by using .NET’s garbage collection scheme. Items no longer referenced are marked for garbage collection, and the Framework can reclaim this memory as needed.
Database
A database is similar to a data file in that it is a storage place for data. Like a data file, a database does not present information directly to a user; the user runs an application that accesses data from the database and presents it to the user in an understandable format.
Database systems are more powerful than data files. The data is more highly organized. In a well-designed database, there are no duplicate pieces of data that the user or application has to update at the same time. Related pieces of data are grouped together in a single structure or record, and relationships can be defined between these structures and records. When working with data files, an application must be coded to work with the specific structure of each data file. In contrast, a database contains a catalog that applications use to determine how data is organized. Generic database applications can use the catalog to present users with data from different databases dynamically, without being tied to a specific data format. A database typically has two components: the files holding the physical database and the database management system (DBMS) software that applications use to access data. The DBMS is responsible for enforcing the database structure, including:
Maintaining the relationships between data in the database. Ensuring that data is stored correctly, and that the rules defining data relationships are not violated.
Recovering all data to a point of known consistency in case of system failures
SOFTWARE TESTING
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test.[1] Software testing also provides an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).
Software testing can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software program/application/product:
1. meets the business and technical requirements that guided its design and development;
2. works as expected; and
3. can be implemented with the same characteristics.
Software testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be implemented at any time in the development process. However, most of the test effort occurs after the requirements have been defined and the coding process has been completed. As such, the methodology of the test is governed by the software development methodology adopted.
Different software development models will focus the test effort at different points in the development process. Newer development models, such as Agile, often employ test driven development and place an increased portion of the testing in the hands of the developer, before it reaches a formal team of testers. In a more traditional model, most of the test execution occurs after the requirements have been defined and the coding process has been completed.
CONCLUSION:
. In this fast pace world, people just can’t find enough time to manually deal with a large quantity of information. This software precedes speedy approach to the management of information. Using software, which has been designed, users can easily navigate through various stored profile of colleges as well as students
[attachment=66587]
INTRODUCTION
APTECH INSTITUTE is the IT education institute. Its vision is to train the students. We strive to get thousands of our students globally career ready and fiercely competitive. By teaching the latest curriculum our students are imparted industry relevant programs. We are running very successfully having maximum strength of students and best faculty available. We are pioneer in computer education. It is first institute that established in Hubli for education support services and to start advanced courses like C,C++,Java, ASP.Net, VC++,
• Curriculum has been designed to meet the ever changing demands of the industries
• Best faculty available
• Library Facility
• Economic fee structure
We have trained students from different courses like B.E, M.C.A, B.Sc, PGDCA, BCA, Polytechnic etc., till now on various fields of emerging IT industries. The students trained in our esteemed organization have been working in many Multi-National Companies and IT Companies among which IBM; TCS are some of the few names. We have trained many students especially in C, C++, JAVA, Visual BASIC, ASP and .NET
As of now we are maintaining the software’s developed to our clients in different fields of markets like Hotel, Dall Industries, Finance’s, Pharmaceuticals Distributors, Departmental Stores, etc.
We are also the leading web developers maintaining the web authorization of many organizations.
ABSTRACT
This project is aimed at developing an Online Help Desk (OHD) for the facilities in the campus. This is an Intranet based application that can be accessed throughout the campus. This system can be used to automate the workflow of service requests for the various facilities in the campus. This is one integrated system that covers different kinds of facilities like class-rooms, labs, hostels, mess, canteen, gymnasium, computer center, faculty club etc. Registered users (students, faculty, lab-assistants and others) will be able to log in a request for service for any of the supported facilities. These requests will be sent to the concerned people, who are also valid users of the system, to get them resolved. There are features like email notifications/reminders, addition of a new facility to the system, report generators etc in this system.
EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing system does not provide the computerized way of maintaining the information about the campus. If students want to get the information about the companies which are coming for the interview then students need to talk with the concern people for latest update information
PROPOSED SYSTEM
In this application even we can provide the following details
Exam Notification: This informs you about the current or forthcoming exams. By developing the system following facilities can be attained.
• Easy to handle and feasible.
• Cost reduction.
• Fast and convenient.
Online Fee payment: Parents can pay the fee of their children by online, which ensures secure transmission.
Interactive section for parents: Here parents can interact with the concerned staff about the student
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Analysis and evaluation of a proposed project to determine if it is technically feasible, is feasible within the estimated cost, and will be profitable. Feasibility studies are almost always conducted where large sums are at stake. Also called feasibility analysis.
The main difficulty with this You have probably noticed that the same web page may look different depending on what browser you are using and even what version of the browser. In some cases a web page will not work properly unless you upgrade to the latest version of a particular browser. Likewise a web page may work fine with an older browser but not a newer one.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
Also the developers of browser-based applications have to make sure their user interface works with multiple browsers and versions of those browsers. This means it takes more time to develop and test each new feature, and every time a new version of a browser comes out this problem becomes worse. It also means that it takes more time and is more expensive to implement new features in browser-based systems. Consequently, web client systems will eventually overtake browser-based competitors with either lower price or better functionality or both.
The time slot could be 100 milliseconds. If job1 takes a total time of 250ms to complete, the Round-Robin scheduler will suspend the job after 100ms and give other jobs their time on the CPU. Once the other jobs have had their equal share (100ms each), job1 will get another allocation of CPU time and the cycle will repeat. This process continues until the job finishes and needs no more time on the CPU.
OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY
Lastly there is the issue of performance. Web-based applications work by sending data over the internet or intranet. This mode of communication is relatively slow compared to network speeds and when the database becomes large there will be performance problems with many web-based applications. However, it is easy for a web-client application to solve performance problems caused by data transmission simply by caching data on the client computers. Browser based applications can do some caching too, however, the cached data is generally stored in RAM and lost when the browser is closed. PR-Tracker on the other hand uses a cached database to improve performance. When PR-Tracker is closed the cache remains intact. Consequently, there are many actions PR-Tracker Web Client can do in a split second that may take minutes with a browser-based application or may even be impossible.
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTAION
ASP.NET
What distinguishes the web hobbyist from the professional developer is the ability to store and retrieve data from a server over the Internet. Some readers may have made that step with PHP or Perl, and for them the journey has already begun. For others, ASP.NET 3.5 is just the next step in the growth and development of ASP.NET. For them, much will be familiar and some will be very new. If the transition is from ASP.NET using Visual Basic to ASP.NET with C#, then you will find even more new, and the transition to C# is going to be easier than many imagine. Still others are making the first step into the realm of server-side programming, so just about everything about ASP.NET 3.5 and C# 3.0 is new.For those using ASP.NET for the first time, the good news is that the transition to the server side could hardly be easier. Everything in this book is set up to learn ASP.NET 3.5 and C# 3.0 using Visual Studio 2008. Using the tools built into Visual Studio 2008, you will quickly learn that most of what needs to be done can be accomplished by dragging controls into a visual editor. And with the “code behind” method, C# is added in a separate file, so when editing code, you will see a clear separation—the C# 3.0 code comes “behind” the ASP.NET 3.5 code. For the most part, though, you need only a minimum of coding skills in either ASP.NET, which feels a lot like HTML, or C#, which has many features recognizable from JavaScript. However, make no mistake about it, C# 3.0 is a full-fledged coding language with the power of any good object-oriented programming (OOP) language. Most of the C# you need is simply working with functions and subroutines called by ASP.NET events. As a result, learning C# is quite simple, and you’ll get a lot of help from Visual Studio 2008 coding tips and built-in IntelliSense. However, if you wish not to use Visual Studio 2008, all of the code for both the ASP.NET and C# is provided as well. (You can program it all using Notepad if you like!) You can find a free Express version of Visual Studio 2008 at www.micr osoftexpress/download/, and it has much of the functionality of the full-fledged version. Likewise, you will find an Express Edition of SQL Server 2005, and with them both you can learn ASP.NET 3.5 and C# 3.0 on a budget while using a powerful development tool
Visually Design Your Data
Visual Web Developer provides a set of controls dialogs and wizards to help you in communicating with a certain database or data source. First of all you can install SQL Server 2005 Express Edition while you are installing the Visual Web Developer. SQL Server Express Edition is a lightweight database server designed for smaller load web sites. Now let's browse what Visual Web Developer provides for ease of using manipulating and requesting data from a data source.
Data Source Configuration Wizard provides a step by step wizard to help you connecting to a data source, whether this source is an SQL database, an Access database, an XML database, and more. The wizard dynamically pulls
Basic .NET or C#.
Most of the samples in this book were written by hand, without the help of Visual Studio .NET. That’s not a knock on Visual Studio .NET; it’s evidence of my belief that learning is best accomplished by coding and not by having someone else code for you. Once you understand what goes into a Windows form or a Web form or a Web service, you’ll find Visual Studio .NET an able partner in helping to create them. Writing applications the old-fashioned way first will increase your depth of understanding and better prepare you to work in an environment in which tools shoulder part of the load for you.
C# (see section on name, pronunciation) is an object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft as part of the .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by ECMA and ISO.
Anders Hejlsberg leads development of the C# language, which has a procedural, object-oriented syntax based on C++ and includes aspects of several other programming languages (most notably Delphi and Java) with a particular emphasis on simplification.
C# principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft is Anders Hejlsberg. His previous experience in programming language and framework design (Visual J++, Borland Delphi, and Turbo Pascal) can be readily seen in the syntax of the C# language, as well as throughout the Common Language Runtime (CLR) core.
SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES USED
HTML
Learn basic HTML to create your Web site. Basic HTML is not hard to learn. Learning HTML is probably the single most important thing you'll ever do if you want to create your own personal Web site. You must learn HTML to design good pages because it is the language in which Web site on the Internet are based on.
Web sites are a great way to show off something in your life. Basic HTML will let you show the world whatever it is you want to show them on your Web site. Adding colors, changing text size and including pictures on your Web site are just a few of the things you can do when you learn basic HTML.
To learn basic HTML you must keep in mind that it's simply a series of letters that are abbreviations of what they actually stand for. For example, H1 stands for a heading for a paragraph that is the first of five sizes and BR is a line break.
One important thing to remember, while you learn basic HTML, is that on a Web page the HTML tags must come in a certain order and most HTML tags must have a start and end tag for the browser to recognize the command.
An end tag is just simply the same as the start tag except that it starts with the / symbol. A heading would look like this<H1>Heading Here</H1>. There is a start tag, H1, the heading, and an end tag, /H1.
Learn basic HTML the right way and remember that the tags must come in a certain order. The basic structure of a web page is as follows
ASP.NET 3.5 as an Alternative to CGI
Microsoft’s alternative to a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is ASP.NET, now inversion 3.5. As a unified web platform, ASP.NET provides what you need to developapplications that hold state and use the information that you put into the HTML form.
Instead of sending form information into a vacuum when you click a submit button, your data goes where it can be stored temporarily or permanently. Usually, when we think of saving state, we imagine writing the data to a storage device like a hard drive. Using a word processor, every time you save your file, you save its state. Using ASP.NET, you can do the same thing with information from anyone who uses your web application. This allows you to build applications where the information entered can be stored for use with either the next HTTP request or with a whole set of data entered by users all over the world—that’s quite a feat compared with saving state in your word processor file. ASP.NET’s state-management facilities provide you with the tools that you need to control state. You do not necessarily want to save all states of a web page, but you certainly want to save the state of data entered by users and perhaps the URL of a page. Having state management allows you to do this.
Microsoft’s web server, Internet Information Services (IIS), uses the Internet ServerAPI (ISAPI) to make function calls instead of using CGI scripts. By using ISAPI,developers can create web-based applications that execute faster and have greaterextensibility than CGI, among other advantages. At the lowest level, ASP.NET interfaces with IIS through an ISAPI extension.
Structured Query Language (SQL)
To work with data in a database, you must use a set of commands and statements (language) defined by the DBMS software. There are several different languages that can be used with relational databases; the most common is SQL. Standards for SQL have been defined by both the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). Most modern DBMS products support the Entry Level of SQL-92, the latest SQL standard (published in 1992).
C# Will Be Popular
C# is one of the newest programming languages but it will become a very popular language for a number of reasons. One of the key reasons is Microsoft and the promises of .NET.
Microsoft wants C# to be popular. Although a company cannot make a product be popular, it can help. Not long ago, Microsoft suffered the abysmal failure of the Microsoft Bob operating system. Although Microsoft wanted Bob to be popular, it failed.
C# stands a better chance of success than Microsoft Bob. I don’t know whether people at Microsoft actually used Bob in their daily jobs. C#, however, is being
Simplified syntax
++ is an extremely powerful language, it has not typically been considered easy. C# attempts to simplify the syntax to be more consistent and more logical while also removing some of the more complex features of C++. For example, C# does away with pointers. As a type-safe language, C# doesn't allow direct memory manipulation, so pointers are no longer needed in C#.
Header files have also been removed from C#. The namespace and reference operators, and -> respectively, have been replaced with a single operator, the period dot (.).
Perhaps one of the biggest changes is that the int and bool data types are now completely different. This means that you will finally have an end to the assignment vs. comparison problem in if statements. In other words, the following code will not even compile under C#:
int
if (Counter=14) {//do something}
Attempting to compile this code will return an error stating: Cannot implicitly convert type ‘int’ to ‘bool’.
C# also removes memory management issues from the developer by using .NET’s garbage collection scheme. Items no longer referenced are marked for garbage collection, and the Framework can reclaim this memory as needed.
Database
A database is similar to a data file in that it is a storage place for data. Like a data file, a database does not present information directly to a user; the user runs an application that accesses data from the database and presents it to the user in an understandable format.
Database systems are more powerful than data files. The data is more highly organized. In a well-designed database, there are no duplicate pieces of data that the user or application has to update at the same time. Related pieces of data are grouped together in a single structure or record, and relationships can be defined between these structures and records. When working with data files, an application must be coded to work with the specific structure of each data file. In contrast, a database contains a catalog that applications use to determine how data is organized. Generic database applications can use the catalog to present users with data from different databases dynamically, without being tied to a specific data format. A database typically has two components: the files holding the physical database and the database management system (DBMS) software that applications use to access data. The DBMS is responsible for enforcing the database structure, including:
Maintaining the relationships between data in the database. Ensuring that data is stored correctly, and that the rules defining data relationships are not violated.
Recovering all data to a point of known consistency in case of system failures
SOFTWARE TESTING
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test.[1] Software testing also provides an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).
Software testing can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software program/application/product:
1. meets the business and technical requirements that guided its design and development;
2. works as expected; and
3. can be implemented with the same characteristics.
Software testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be implemented at any time in the development process. However, most of the test effort occurs after the requirements have been defined and the coding process has been completed. As such, the methodology of the test is governed by the software development methodology adopted.
Different software development models will focus the test effort at different points in the development process. Newer development models, such as Agile, often employ test driven development and place an increased portion of the testing in the hands of the developer, before it reaches a formal team of testers. In a more traditional model, most of the test execution occurs after the requirements have been defined and the coding process has been completed.
CONCLUSION:
. In this fast pace world, people just can’t find enough time to manually deal with a large quantity of information. This software precedes speedy approach to the management of information. Using software, which has been designed, users can easily navigate through various stored profile of colleges as well as students