23-08-2014, 12:46 PM
PROTOTYPE OF A FINGERPRINT BASED LICENSING SYSTEM FOR DRIVING SEMINAR REPORT
[attachment=66929]
Abstract
To prevent non-licensees from driving and therefore
causing accidents, a new system is proposed. An important
and very reliable human identification method is fingerprint
identification. Fingerprint identification is one of the most
popular and reliable personal biometric identification
methods. The proposed system consists of a smart card
capable of storing the fingerprint of particular person. While
issuing the license, the specific person’s fingerprint is to be
stored in the card. Vehicles such as cars, bikes etc should have
a card reader capable of reading the particular license. The
same automobile should have the facility of fingerprint reader
device. A person, who wishes to drive the vehicle, should insert
the card (license) in the vehicle and then swipe his/her finger.
If the finger print stored in the card and fingerprint swiped in
the device matches, he/she can proceed for ignition, otherwise
ignition will not work. Moreover, the seat belt detector verifies
and then prompts the user to wear the seat belt before driving.
This increases the security of vehic
INTRODUCTION
Unlicensed driving is a matter of concern for
several reasons. It is possible that drivers who have not
undergone appropriate training and testing may be deficient
in some aspect of the knowledge and skills required to drive
safely and efficiently. Also, drivers who are unauthorized
may have less incentive to comply with road traffic laws in
that they would not be influenced by the rewards and
penalties set up under the licensing system. On this
argument, drivers who do not hold a valid license may
disregard the threat of license sanctions or the benefits of
reduced insurance premium due to not having made a
claim. It is noticeable in the literature [1] that the term
“unlicensed” is used interchangeably to mean one of the
below subcategories, as follows:
A) Drivers who drive but who have never
possessed any form of license;
B) Drivers who have previously held a license but
who have been disqualified; and
C) Drivers possessing only a provisional license
but whom, nevertheless, drive unaccompanied.
For many unlicensed drivers, enforcement and
penalties are not strong deterrents and in addition there are
also administrative loopholes which some exploit. There
appears to be a general laxity in the system of checking the
validity of documents and their ownership – for example it
is claimed to be straightforward for an unlicensed driver to
pass himself off as a friend (with a license) and later present
the friend’s documents at a police station.
SMART CARD
The license issued by the Government is a smart
card which stores different fields such as name, license no.,
date of expiry, fingerprints of 10 fingers, type of license
and blocked status of the license as well as fingerprint
templates. These fingerprint templates are derived from the
fingerprint scan by the process as shown in FigThe biometric fingerprint sensor takes a digital
picture of a fingerprint. The fingerprint scan detects the
ridges and valleys of a fingerprint and converts them into
ones and zeroes. Complex algorithms analyze this raw
biometric scan to identify characteristics of the fingerprint,
known as the "minutiae". Minutiae are stored in a
fingerprint template (a data file usually smaller than the
initial scans). Up to 200 minutiae are stored in a template,
but only a subset of these has to match for identification or
verification. In most systems, if 10 to 20 minutiae match,
the fingerprint is considered a match. In today's smart card
FINGERPRINT MATCHING ALGORITHM
Fingerprint identification is one of the most
popular and reliable personal biometric identification
methods. This paper describes an on-line fingerprint
identification system consisting of image acquisition, edge
detection, thinning, feature extractor and classifier. The
preprocessing part includes steps to acquire binarized and
skeletonized ridges, which are needed for feature point
extraction. Feature points (minutia) such as endpoints,
bifurcations, and core point are then extracted, followed by
false minutia elimination. Human fingerprints are rich in
details called minutiae, which can be used as identification
marks for fingerprint verification. The algorithm that was
implemented for finger print matching in this research work
is discussed below. Anil Jain et al [3] proposed a hybrid
matching algorithm for matching. Our algorithm is
described in detail below.
Step 1: Histogram Equalization:
Histogram equalization is to expand the pixel
value distribution of an image so as to increase the
perceptional information. The original histogram of a
fingerprint image has the bimodal type the histogram after
the histogram equalization occupies all the range from 0 to
255 and the visualization effect is enhanced
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The system consists of smart card reader,
controller module, seat belt sensing module, ignition system
module and the smart card which is inserted into the system
by the user. A fingerprint match causes the data pins to be
in a high logic level and ideally output about 5volts while a
fingerprint mismatch makes the data pins to be in a low
logic level and ideally output 0volts. An interface control
circuit was constructed to link the PC parallel port to the
ignition system of a vehicle. This circuit provides a high
degree of electrical isolation between the PC and the
ignition system which operate at different voltage levels,
through the use of components called optocouplers
CONTROLLER
The role of the controller is to enable the logic
flow (shown aside). The microcontroller is fed with the
required input signals from card reader and seat belt
controller. The card reader sends signals, each to individual
pins of the microcontroller, and the signals include
fingerprint matching information, license expiry status,
license suitability status and license blocked status, all in
the form of bits. The microcontroller then branches out to
any one of the logical paths and delivers the output at one
of its pins, which is used by the ignition control unit. The
flow logic also includes checking of expiry of the license. If
the license expires in 10 days, it prompts the user to renew
the license, once the license expires, the ignition does not
happen. When the user holds a learner’s license, it accepts
the license after the fingerprint matches, then it prompts the
user to insert a valid license and once again the checking
process continues. The valid license is to be present in the
vehicle until the vehicle is switched off. If the license is
taken out before ignition is OFF, the vehicle automatically
comes to OFF, and this ensures that the license is not used
in another vehicle to switch it ON. We have implemented
the proposed prototype using PIC 16F877 microcontroller.
PIC microcontroller can also be used if the system is going
to be more sophisticated and makes use of interrupts to
control the switching ON and OFF of the ignition system
IGNITION CONTROL
The ignition system [5] of an internal-combustion
engine is an important part of the overall engine system that
provides for the timely burning of the fuel mixture within
the engine. The ignition system is usually switched on/off
through a lock switch, operated with a key or code patch.
The part of the ignition system that first initiates the process
of moving a vehicle is the key system in conjunction with
the kick starter. A wire from the battery in the vehicle
connects to the kick starter and other wires connect the kick
starter to the key system. When the car key in the ignition
system is turned once, two wires coming from the kick
starter to the key system are bridged. This causes the engine
and some other parts of the vehicle to be put in a READY
or ON state. Turning the key again makes a third wire to
temporarily join the already bridged wires, causing voltage
to flow from the battery to the necessary parts vehicle so as
to enable the vehicle move.
The ignition control is brought about by placing a
relay between the battery and the ignition key unit of the
vehicle, as shown in Fig-5. The control of the relay is by a
signal from the microcontroller. This signal is activated
when the logic flow presented earlier satisfies. The relay on
successful turn on, gives a feedback to the microcontroller.
A solenoid valve attached to the fuel pipe of the engine
opens when this feedback is obtained. If feedback was not
received, then it is
understood that the relay was manipulated and so the
solenoid does not open thus preventing the engine from
starting. The ignition control is thus made tamper-proof.
The outline circuit diagram of the ignition control system is
shown in Fig 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
The above input and output analysis of the
proposed system proves that the vehicle can be ensured that
it is been driven only by the authorized persons. The system
also provides facility for the learner’s licensees to drive by
keeping a licensed person near them. It also gives time to
get the system repaired if any malfunction exists. In cars, it
also ensures that the seat belt is worn by the driver, so that
it adds the safety feature to cars. Though implementation of
the proposed system may take time, it would be of great use
for the safety of drivers and irregularities can be kept at
check without any loopholes. The developed prototype
serves as an impetus to drive future research, geared
towards developing a more robust and embedded real-time
fingerprint based ignition systems in vehiclesThe present module can be interfaced with GPS /
GSM module which would be of great use in future. The
combined module can be used to monitor from remote
location about the vehicle. The data can be used to monitor
about the person who is driving the vehicle, by this way,
theft can be minimized since it would help to find the
person driving along with location details. Furthermore to
augment the safety, the seat belt detector can be interfaced
to the controller as an additional input for igniti
[attachment=66929]
Abstract
To prevent non-licensees from driving and therefore
causing accidents, a new system is proposed. An important
and very reliable human identification method is fingerprint
identification. Fingerprint identification is one of the most
popular and reliable personal biometric identification
methods. The proposed system consists of a smart card
capable of storing the fingerprint of particular person. While
issuing the license, the specific person’s fingerprint is to be
stored in the card. Vehicles such as cars, bikes etc should have
a card reader capable of reading the particular license. The
same automobile should have the facility of fingerprint reader
device. A person, who wishes to drive the vehicle, should insert
the card (license) in the vehicle and then swipe his/her finger.
If the finger print stored in the card and fingerprint swiped in
the device matches, he/she can proceed for ignition, otherwise
ignition will not work. Moreover, the seat belt detector verifies
and then prompts the user to wear the seat belt before driving.
This increases the security of vehic
INTRODUCTION
Unlicensed driving is a matter of concern for
several reasons. It is possible that drivers who have not
undergone appropriate training and testing may be deficient
in some aspect of the knowledge and skills required to drive
safely and efficiently. Also, drivers who are unauthorized
may have less incentive to comply with road traffic laws in
that they would not be influenced by the rewards and
penalties set up under the licensing system. On this
argument, drivers who do not hold a valid license may
disregard the threat of license sanctions or the benefits of
reduced insurance premium due to not having made a
claim. It is noticeable in the literature [1] that the term
“unlicensed” is used interchangeably to mean one of the
below subcategories, as follows:
A) Drivers who drive but who have never
possessed any form of license;
B) Drivers who have previously held a license but
who have been disqualified; and
C) Drivers possessing only a provisional license
but whom, nevertheless, drive unaccompanied.
For many unlicensed drivers, enforcement and
penalties are not strong deterrents and in addition there are
also administrative loopholes which some exploit. There
appears to be a general laxity in the system of checking the
validity of documents and their ownership – for example it
is claimed to be straightforward for an unlicensed driver to
pass himself off as a friend (with a license) and later present
the friend’s documents at a police station.
SMART CARD
The license issued by the Government is a smart
card which stores different fields such as name, license no.,
date of expiry, fingerprints of 10 fingers, type of license
and blocked status of the license as well as fingerprint
templates. These fingerprint templates are derived from the
fingerprint scan by the process as shown in FigThe biometric fingerprint sensor takes a digital
picture of a fingerprint. The fingerprint scan detects the
ridges and valleys of a fingerprint and converts them into
ones and zeroes. Complex algorithms analyze this raw
biometric scan to identify characteristics of the fingerprint,
known as the "minutiae". Minutiae are stored in a
fingerprint template (a data file usually smaller than the
initial scans). Up to 200 minutiae are stored in a template,
but only a subset of these has to match for identification or
verification. In most systems, if 10 to 20 minutiae match,
the fingerprint is considered a match. In today's smart card
FINGERPRINT MATCHING ALGORITHM
Fingerprint identification is one of the most
popular and reliable personal biometric identification
methods. This paper describes an on-line fingerprint
identification system consisting of image acquisition, edge
detection, thinning, feature extractor and classifier. The
preprocessing part includes steps to acquire binarized and
skeletonized ridges, which are needed for feature point
extraction. Feature points (minutia) such as endpoints,
bifurcations, and core point are then extracted, followed by
false minutia elimination. Human fingerprints are rich in
details called minutiae, which can be used as identification
marks for fingerprint verification. The algorithm that was
implemented for finger print matching in this research work
is discussed below. Anil Jain et al [3] proposed a hybrid
matching algorithm for matching. Our algorithm is
described in detail below.
Step 1: Histogram Equalization:
Histogram equalization is to expand the pixel
value distribution of an image so as to increase the
perceptional information. The original histogram of a
fingerprint image has the bimodal type the histogram after
the histogram equalization occupies all the range from 0 to
255 and the visualization effect is enhanced
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The system consists of smart card reader,
controller module, seat belt sensing module, ignition system
module and the smart card which is inserted into the system
by the user. A fingerprint match causes the data pins to be
in a high logic level and ideally output about 5volts while a
fingerprint mismatch makes the data pins to be in a low
logic level and ideally output 0volts. An interface control
circuit was constructed to link the PC parallel port to the
ignition system of a vehicle. This circuit provides a high
degree of electrical isolation between the PC and the
ignition system which operate at different voltage levels,
through the use of components called optocouplers
CONTROLLER
The role of the controller is to enable the logic
flow (shown aside). The microcontroller is fed with the
required input signals from card reader and seat belt
controller. The card reader sends signals, each to individual
pins of the microcontroller, and the signals include
fingerprint matching information, license expiry status,
license suitability status and license blocked status, all in
the form of bits. The microcontroller then branches out to
any one of the logical paths and delivers the output at one
of its pins, which is used by the ignition control unit. The
flow logic also includes checking of expiry of the license. If
the license expires in 10 days, it prompts the user to renew
the license, once the license expires, the ignition does not
happen. When the user holds a learner’s license, it accepts
the license after the fingerprint matches, then it prompts the
user to insert a valid license and once again the checking
process continues. The valid license is to be present in the
vehicle until the vehicle is switched off. If the license is
taken out before ignition is OFF, the vehicle automatically
comes to OFF, and this ensures that the license is not used
in another vehicle to switch it ON. We have implemented
the proposed prototype using PIC 16F877 microcontroller.
PIC microcontroller can also be used if the system is going
to be more sophisticated and makes use of interrupts to
control the switching ON and OFF of the ignition system
IGNITION CONTROL
The ignition system [5] of an internal-combustion
engine is an important part of the overall engine system that
provides for the timely burning of the fuel mixture within
the engine. The ignition system is usually switched on/off
through a lock switch, operated with a key or code patch.
The part of the ignition system that first initiates the process
of moving a vehicle is the key system in conjunction with
the kick starter. A wire from the battery in the vehicle
connects to the kick starter and other wires connect the kick
starter to the key system. When the car key in the ignition
system is turned once, two wires coming from the kick
starter to the key system are bridged. This causes the engine
and some other parts of the vehicle to be put in a READY
or ON state. Turning the key again makes a third wire to
temporarily join the already bridged wires, causing voltage
to flow from the battery to the necessary parts vehicle so as
to enable the vehicle move.
The ignition control is brought about by placing a
relay between the battery and the ignition key unit of the
vehicle, as shown in Fig-5. The control of the relay is by a
signal from the microcontroller. This signal is activated
when the logic flow presented earlier satisfies. The relay on
successful turn on, gives a feedback to the microcontroller.
A solenoid valve attached to the fuel pipe of the engine
opens when this feedback is obtained. If feedback was not
received, then it is
understood that the relay was manipulated and so the
solenoid does not open thus preventing the engine from
starting. The ignition control is thus made tamper-proof.
The outline circuit diagram of the ignition control system is
shown in Fig 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
The above input and output analysis of the
proposed system proves that the vehicle can be ensured that
it is been driven only by the authorized persons. The system
also provides facility for the learner’s licensees to drive by
keeping a licensed person near them. It also gives time to
get the system repaired if any malfunction exists. In cars, it
also ensures that the seat belt is worn by the driver, so that
it adds the safety feature to cars. Though implementation of
the proposed system may take time, it would be of great use
for the safety of drivers and irregularities can be kept at
check without any loopholes. The developed prototype
serves as an impetus to drive future research, geared
towards developing a more robust and embedded real-time
fingerprint based ignition systems in vehiclesThe present module can be interfaced with GPS /
GSM module which would be of great use in future. The
combined module can be used to monitor from remote
location about the vehicle. The data can be used to monitor
about the person who is driving the vehicle, by this way,
theft can be minimized since it would help to find the
person driving along with location details. Furthermore to
augment the safety, the seat belt detector can be interfaced
to the controller as an additional input for igniti