26-08-2014, 04:46 PM
VLSI BASED ACCIDENT INFORMATION AND CAR SECURITY SYSTEM SEMINAR REPORT
[attachment=67087]
Abstract
VLSI based Accident information and car security system deals with the concern of saving the victim, who get trapped in accident and also about the car security. Accident of the car is detected using pressure sensors, which are fixed in car. Accident information to the nearest hospital is carried out with the help of RF communication. The location of the car is found using the GPS technique. Using password ensures the security of car. The theft information is sent to the owner’s mobile using GSM module. The ultimate design of the project is in VLSI.FPGA is used to interface these modules
INTRODUCTION
The existing methods of car security are,Remote starters for car doors, Car with door lock module facility, Using motion sensors, Using tilt sensors and etc.,The drawback of these methods is that they fail to provide almost the higher security to the car. Similarly there is only manual information of accident to the hospital. There is no automatic accident information system. So our work fulfils these requirements. Our system uses the FPGA as the basic module to interface the GPS, GSM, RF modules
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a location system based on a constellation of about 24 satellites orbiting the earth at altitudes of Approximately 11,000 miles. The United States Department of Defense (DOD), for its tremendous application as a military locating utility, developed GPS. GPS has proven to be a useful tool in non-military mapping applications as well. GPS satellites are orbited high enough to avoid the problems associated with land based systems, yet it can provide accurate positioning 24 hours a day, anywhere in the world. Uncorrected positions determined from GPS satellite signals produce accuracies in the range of 50 to 100 meters. When using a differential correction technique, the users can get accurate positions within 5 meters or less
Triangulation
In a nutshell, GPS is based on satellite ranging - calculating the distances between the receiver and the position of 3 or more satellites (4 or more if elevation is desired) and then applying some good old mathematics. Assuming the positions of the satellites are known, the location of the receiver can be calculated by determining the distance from each of the satellites to the receiver. GPS takes these 3 or more known references and measured distances and "triangulates" an additional position
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Over 2 billion people use GSM service across more than 212 countries and territories. The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs significantly from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are Digital call quality, which means that it is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. From the point of view of the consumers, the key advantage of GSM systems has been higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such as text messaging Like other cellular standards GSM allows network operators to offer roaming services which mean subscribers can use their phones all over the world. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).
RADIO FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION
RF itself has become synonymous with wireless and high-frequency signals, describing anything from AM radio between 535 kHz and 1605 kHz to computer local area networks (LANs) at 2.4 GHz. However, RF has traditionally defined frequencies from a few kHz to roughly 1 GHz. If one considers microwave frequencies as RF, this range extends to 300 GHz. A wave or sinusoid can be completely described by either its frequency or its wavelength. They are inversely proportional to each other and related to the speed of light through a particular medium. As frequency increases, wavelength decreases. For reference, a 1 GHz wave has a wavelength of roughly 1 foot, and a 100 MHz wave has a wavelength of roughly 10 feet
FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit (IC) that includes a two-dimensional array of general-purpose logic circuits, called cells or logic blocks, whose functions are programmable. The cells are linked to one another by programmable buses. A field-programmable gate array comprises any number of logic modules, an interconnect routing architecture and programmable elements that may be programmed to selectively interconnect the logic modules to one another and to define the functions of the logic modules. The basic device architecture of an FPGA consists of an array of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) embedded in a configurable interconnect structure and surrounded by configurable I/O blocks (IOBs). An IOB allows signals to be driven off-chip or optionally brought onto the FPGA onto interconnect segments. The IOB can typically perform other functions, such as tri-stating outputs and registering incoming or out-going signals. The configurable interconnect structure allows users to implement multi-level logic designs. In addition, FPGAs typically include other specialized blocks, such as block random access memories (BRAMs) and digital signal processors (DSPs).
FPGA comparisons
Historically, FPGAs have been slower, less energy efficient and generally achieved less functionality than their fixed ASIC counterparts. A combination of volume, fabrication improvements, research and development, and the I/O capabilities of new supercomputers have largely closed the performance gap between ASICs and FPGAs.
Advantages include a shorter time to market, ability to re-program in the field to fix bugs, and lower non-recurring engineering costs. Vendors can also take a middle road by developing their hardware on ordinary FPGAs, but manufacture their final version so it can no longer be modified after the design has been committed.
Xilinx claims that several market and technology dynamics are changing the ASIC/FPGA paradigm
UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART) is a type of "asynchronous receiver /transmitter", a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. UARTs are now commonly included in microcontrollers. A dual UART or DUART combines two UARTs into a single chip. Many modern ICs now come with a UART that can also communicate synchronously; these devices are called USARTs (universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter).
FUTURE SCOPE OF THE SYSTEM
• Automatic information to the traffic police, to clear the accident spot, as soon as possible.
• Avoiding the alert message to the hospital when there is none in the car.
CONCLUSION
• Thus the accident location will be detected (using GPS) and will be communicated to the nearest hospital (using RF communication).
• Theft information is sent to mobile (using GSM modem).
[attachment=67087]
Abstract
VLSI based Accident information and car security system deals with the concern of saving the victim, who get trapped in accident and also about the car security. Accident of the car is detected using pressure sensors, which are fixed in car. Accident information to the nearest hospital is carried out with the help of RF communication. The location of the car is found using the GPS technique. Using password ensures the security of car. The theft information is sent to the owner’s mobile using GSM module. The ultimate design of the project is in VLSI.FPGA is used to interface these modules
INTRODUCTION
The existing methods of car security are,Remote starters for car doors, Car with door lock module facility, Using motion sensors, Using tilt sensors and etc.,The drawback of these methods is that they fail to provide almost the higher security to the car. Similarly there is only manual information of accident to the hospital. There is no automatic accident information system. So our work fulfils these requirements. Our system uses the FPGA as the basic module to interface the GPS, GSM, RF modules
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a location system based on a constellation of about 24 satellites orbiting the earth at altitudes of Approximately 11,000 miles. The United States Department of Defense (DOD), for its tremendous application as a military locating utility, developed GPS. GPS has proven to be a useful tool in non-military mapping applications as well. GPS satellites are orbited high enough to avoid the problems associated with land based systems, yet it can provide accurate positioning 24 hours a day, anywhere in the world. Uncorrected positions determined from GPS satellite signals produce accuracies in the range of 50 to 100 meters. When using a differential correction technique, the users can get accurate positions within 5 meters or less
Triangulation
In a nutshell, GPS is based on satellite ranging - calculating the distances between the receiver and the position of 3 or more satellites (4 or more if elevation is desired) and then applying some good old mathematics. Assuming the positions of the satellites are known, the location of the receiver can be calculated by determining the distance from each of the satellites to the receiver. GPS takes these 3 or more known references and measured distances and "triangulates" an additional position
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Over 2 billion people use GSM service across more than 212 countries and territories. The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs significantly from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are Digital call quality, which means that it is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. From the point of view of the consumers, the key advantage of GSM systems has been higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such as text messaging Like other cellular standards GSM allows network operators to offer roaming services which mean subscribers can use their phones all over the world. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).
RADIO FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION
RF itself has become synonymous with wireless and high-frequency signals, describing anything from AM radio between 535 kHz and 1605 kHz to computer local area networks (LANs) at 2.4 GHz. However, RF has traditionally defined frequencies from a few kHz to roughly 1 GHz. If one considers microwave frequencies as RF, this range extends to 300 GHz. A wave or sinusoid can be completely described by either its frequency or its wavelength. They are inversely proportional to each other and related to the speed of light through a particular medium. As frequency increases, wavelength decreases. For reference, a 1 GHz wave has a wavelength of roughly 1 foot, and a 100 MHz wave has a wavelength of roughly 10 feet
FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit (IC) that includes a two-dimensional array of general-purpose logic circuits, called cells or logic blocks, whose functions are programmable. The cells are linked to one another by programmable buses. A field-programmable gate array comprises any number of logic modules, an interconnect routing architecture and programmable elements that may be programmed to selectively interconnect the logic modules to one another and to define the functions of the logic modules. The basic device architecture of an FPGA consists of an array of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) embedded in a configurable interconnect structure and surrounded by configurable I/O blocks (IOBs). An IOB allows signals to be driven off-chip or optionally brought onto the FPGA onto interconnect segments. The IOB can typically perform other functions, such as tri-stating outputs and registering incoming or out-going signals. The configurable interconnect structure allows users to implement multi-level logic designs. In addition, FPGAs typically include other specialized blocks, such as block random access memories (BRAMs) and digital signal processors (DSPs).
FPGA comparisons
Historically, FPGAs have been slower, less energy efficient and generally achieved less functionality than their fixed ASIC counterparts. A combination of volume, fabrication improvements, research and development, and the I/O capabilities of new supercomputers have largely closed the performance gap between ASICs and FPGAs.
Advantages include a shorter time to market, ability to re-program in the field to fix bugs, and lower non-recurring engineering costs. Vendors can also take a middle road by developing their hardware on ordinary FPGAs, but manufacture their final version so it can no longer be modified after the design has been committed.
Xilinx claims that several market and technology dynamics are changing the ASIC/FPGA paradigm
UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART) is a type of "asynchronous receiver /transmitter", a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. UARTs are now commonly included in microcontrollers. A dual UART or DUART combines two UARTs into a single chip. Many modern ICs now come with a UART that can also communicate synchronously; these devices are called USARTs (universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter).
FUTURE SCOPE OF THE SYSTEM
• Automatic information to the traffic police, to clear the accident spot, as soon as possible.
• Avoiding the alert message to the hospital when there is none in the car.
CONCLUSION
• Thus the accident location will be detected (using GPS) and will be communicated to the nearest hospital (using RF communication).
• Theft information is sent to mobile (using GSM modem).