29-08-2014, 01:58 PM
Automated Control System for Air Pollution Detection in Vehicles Seminar Report
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Abstract
Vehicles have become an integral part of every one's life. Situations and circumstances demand the usage of vehicles in this fast paced urban life. As a coin has two sides, this has its own effects, one of the main side effects being air pollution. Every vehicle will have emission but the problem occurs when it is beyond the standardized values. The primary reason for this breach of emission level being the incomplete combustion of fuel supplied to engine, which is due to the improper maintenance of vehicles. This emission from vehicles cannot be completely avoided but, it definitely can be controlled. With the evolvement of semi-conductor sensors for detecting the various gases, this paper aims at using those semi-conductor sensors at the emission outlets of vehicles which detects the level of pollutants and also indicates this level with a meter. When the pollution/ emission level shoots beyond the already set threshold level, there will be a buzz in the vehicle to indicate that the limit has been breached and the vehicle will stop after a certain period of time , a cushion time given for the driver to park his/her vehicle. During this time period, the GPS starts locating the nearest service stations. After the timer runs out, the fuel supplied to the engine will be cut-off and the vehicle has to be towed to the mechanic or to the nearest service station. The synchronization and execution of the entire process is monitored and controlled by a micro controller. This paper, when augmented as a real time project, will benefit the society and help in reducing the air pollution.
INTRODUCTION
The beginning of the 21st century was the time when importance for Environmental awareness was instigated. One of the major concerns regarding the environment is air pollution. Air pollution contributes to the green houses gases, which causes the green house effect, whose side effects are now well known to all of us after the findings about the hole in the ozone layer. Air pollution is not only harmful to the environment but, also to all other living beings on earth. Air pollutants that are inhaled have serious impact on human health affecting the lungs and the respiratory system; they are also taken up by the blood and pumped all round the body. These pollutants are also deposited on soil, plants, and in the water, further contributing to human exposure and also affecting the sea life. Vehicles are one of the major contributors to air pollution apart from industries. The main pollutants from
LITERATURE SURVEY
Over the years, there have been several regulations made by the Government to control the emission from vehicles; most of them being unsuccessful at the same. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment & Forests. Bharat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles.
The first emission norms were introduced in India in
1991 for petrol and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were followed by making the Catalytic converter mandatory for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded petrol in the market.
On April 29, 1999 the Supreme Court of India ruled that all vehicles in India have to meet Euro I or India 2000 norms by June 1, 1999 and Euro II will be mandatory in
the NCR by April 2000. Car makers were not prepared for
this transition and in a subsequent judgment the implementation date for Euro II was not enforced.
The standards, based on European regulations were
first introduced in 2000. Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then. All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms have to be compliant with the regulations. Since October 2010, Bharat stage III norms have been enforced across the country. In 13 major cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms are in place since April 2010
Detector
The detector consists of three sub-blocks namely smoke sensor, transducer and ADC. The smoke sensor is the main component of the detector block which is embedded onto the exhaust of the vehicle. The sensor senses the amount of emission from the vehicle and feeds the data to the microcontroller through the transducer and the analog to digital converter at regular intervals of time. The transducer is used to convert the output of the sensor into an electrical signal. The analog electrical signal is then converted into a digital signal using an ADC, so that, it can be compared with the predefined values, in the microcontroller.
Microcontroller
In this paper, ATMEL 89S52 is used, which is an 8bit micro controller. It consists of three inbuilt timer/counter which will be used for the timer configuration.
The microcontroller is programmed to do three functions namely comparison, timer and triggering circuit. The microcontroller takes in two inputs; one from the smoke sensor’s output and another being the pre-defined threshold value specified by the government. When the smoke sensor output is more than the threshold value, the microcontroller triggers the timer circuit and an alarm [5] is set off to inform the driver of the vehicle, about the same and also indicate that the vehicle will come to a halt as soon as the timer runs out. Apart from the timer being triggered, a trigger is also given to the GPS, which helps in locating the nearest service station. Once the timer runs out, a trigger pulse is generated by the microcontroller which is fed to the fuel injector, which in turn stops the flow of fuel to the engine, as a result of which, the vehicle comes to a halt.
Fuel Injector
The main function of the fuel injector is to cut the supply of fuel to the engine, when the pollution limit is
breached.
The relay circuit shown in the figure.3.4 is used to control the on and off position of the fuel pump[4]. In this paper, the engine control unit is programmed in such a
way that, when the microcontroller sends a trigger pulse
after the timer runs out, relay should get back to its original position, that is the fuel cut off switch, is on. Then the fuel supply from the pump will be stopped.
CONCLUSION
This whole paper mainly focuses on two things. The First thing is the concept of detecting the level of Pollution and indicating it to the driver. There is an increase in the level of Pollution over the last couple of decades, leading to several Environmental problems. There will be a huge population, who do not take the pollution from their vehicles seriously, which has already resulted in several environmental problems such Ozone layer depletion and so on. So, this system will be highly beneficial is curbing this problem. The second reason is that this system will be one of the greatest improvements in technology to keep the Environment free from vehicular emission and bring it to a halt if the Pollution level is more than the Standards mentioned by the Government. The fact that this system is just an add-on, as it does not change the configuration of the engine by any means, will make it easier to employ this system in the existing vehicles. The same concept can also be extended to industries
[attachment=67328]
Abstract
Vehicles have become an integral part of every one's life. Situations and circumstances demand the usage of vehicles in this fast paced urban life. As a coin has two sides, this has its own effects, one of the main side effects being air pollution. Every vehicle will have emission but the problem occurs when it is beyond the standardized values. The primary reason for this breach of emission level being the incomplete combustion of fuel supplied to engine, which is due to the improper maintenance of vehicles. This emission from vehicles cannot be completely avoided but, it definitely can be controlled. With the evolvement of semi-conductor sensors for detecting the various gases, this paper aims at using those semi-conductor sensors at the emission outlets of vehicles which detects the level of pollutants and also indicates this level with a meter. When the pollution/ emission level shoots beyond the already set threshold level, there will be a buzz in the vehicle to indicate that the limit has been breached and the vehicle will stop after a certain period of time , a cushion time given for the driver to park his/her vehicle. During this time period, the GPS starts locating the nearest service stations. After the timer runs out, the fuel supplied to the engine will be cut-off and the vehicle has to be towed to the mechanic or to the nearest service station. The synchronization and execution of the entire process is monitored and controlled by a micro controller. This paper, when augmented as a real time project, will benefit the society and help in reducing the air pollution.
INTRODUCTION
The beginning of the 21st century was the time when importance for Environmental awareness was instigated. One of the major concerns regarding the environment is air pollution. Air pollution contributes to the green houses gases, which causes the green house effect, whose side effects are now well known to all of us after the findings about the hole in the ozone layer. Air pollution is not only harmful to the environment but, also to all other living beings on earth. Air pollutants that are inhaled have serious impact on human health affecting the lungs and the respiratory system; they are also taken up by the blood and pumped all round the body. These pollutants are also deposited on soil, plants, and in the water, further contributing to human exposure and also affecting the sea life. Vehicles are one of the major contributors to air pollution apart from industries. The main pollutants from
LITERATURE SURVEY
Over the years, there have been several regulations made by the Government to control the emission from vehicles; most of them being unsuccessful at the same. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment & Forests. Bharat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles.
The first emission norms were introduced in India in
1991 for petrol and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were followed by making the Catalytic converter mandatory for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded petrol in the market.
On April 29, 1999 the Supreme Court of India ruled that all vehicles in India have to meet Euro I or India 2000 norms by June 1, 1999 and Euro II will be mandatory in
the NCR by April 2000. Car makers were not prepared for
this transition and in a subsequent judgment the implementation date for Euro II was not enforced.
The standards, based on European regulations were
first introduced in 2000. Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then. All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms have to be compliant with the regulations. Since October 2010, Bharat stage III norms have been enforced across the country. In 13 major cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms are in place since April 2010
Detector
The detector consists of three sub-blocks namely smoke sensor, transducer and ADC. The smoke sensor is the main component of the detector block which is embedded onto the exhaust of the vehicle. The sensor senses the amount of emission from the vehicle and feeds the data to the microcontroller through the transducer and the analog to digital converter at regular intervals of time. The transducer is used to convert the output of the sensor into an electrical signal. The analog electrical signal is then converted into a digital signal using an ADC, so that, it can be compared with the predefined values, in the microcontroller.
Microcontroller
In this paper, ATMEL 89S52 is used, which is an 8bit micro controller. It consists of three inbuilt timer/counter which will be used for the timer configuration.
The microcontroller is programmed to do three functions namely comparison, timer and triggering circuit. The microcontroller takes in two inputs; one from the smoke sensor’s output and another being the pre-defined threshold value specified by the government. When the smoke sensor output is more than the threshold value, the microcontroller triggers the timer circuit and an alarm [5] is set off to inform the driver of the vehicle, about the same and also indicate that the vehicle will come to a halt as soon as the timer runs out. Apart from the timer being triggered, a trigger is also given to the GPS, which helps in locating the nearest service station. Once the timer runs out, a trigger pulse is generated by the microcontroller which is fed to the fuel injector, which in turn stops the flow of fuel to the engine, as a result of which, the vehicle comes to a halt.
Fuel Injector
The main function of the fuel injector is to cut the supply of fuel to the engine, when the pollution limit is
breached.
The relay circuit shown in the figure.3.4 is used to control the on and off position of the fuel pump[4]. In this paper, the engine control unit is programmed in such a
way that, when the microcontroller sends a trigger pulse
after the timer runs out, relay should get back to its original position, that is the fuel cut off switch, is on. Then the fuel supply from the pump will be stopped.
CONCLUSION
This whole paper mainly focuses on two things. The First thing is the concept of detecting the level of Pollution and indicating it to the driver. There is an increase in the level of Pollution over the last couple of decades, leading to several Environmental problems. There will be a huge population, who do not take the pollution from their vehicles seriously, which has already resulted in several environmental problems such Ozone layer depletion and so on. So, this system will be highly beneficial is curbing this problem. The second reason is that this system will be one of the greatest improvements in technology to keep the Environment free from vehicular emission and bring it to a halt if the Pollution level is more than the Standards mentioned by the Government. The fact that this system is just an add-on, as it does not change the configuration of the engine by any means, will make it easier to employ this system in the existing vehicles. The same concept can also be extended to industries