04-09-2014, 04:47 PM
MY SCOPE OF WORK 1. Site Supervision: ⦁ Poroper supervision at the site so that work done by contractors was as Per terms, conditions and instructions issued to them. ⦁ Quality management like cube testing, bricks testing physical testing of bricks when they arrived at site monitoring the filling of the the cubes at the site in order to ensure that right date and grade pf concrete was put on the cube samples. ⦁ To ensure that safety procedures were adopted by the contractors like working at height with safety belt, helmets to be worn by the person as long as he/she was at site, proper safety shoes to be worn. 2. Management and office work: ⦁ Maintaining the drawings tracking log electrically and regularly it so that a track of all the drawings arriving at the site could be kept. ⦁ Issuing drawings to the contractors. ⦁ Making a detailed list of the various rooms at the site. So that progress in the interior work could be tracked. STEP
GENERAL A building can be defined as a structure broadly consisting of walls, floor and roofs, erected to provide covered space for different uses such as residence, education, `business, manufacturing, storage, hospitalization, entertainment, worship etc. this method adopted for construction and choice of material to be used in the building depends upon a number of factors like character of occupancy , location of site, climate, local materials and funds available. Normally all building are constructed according to drawing and specifications prepared by architects. TYPES OF BUILDING Depending upon the character of occupancy or the types of use, different types of building have been classified in following groups as per national building code :- ⦁ Residential Buildings ⦁ Educational Buildings ⦁ Institutional Buildings ⦁ Assembly Buildings ⦁ Business Buildings ⦁ Mercantile Buildings ⦁ Industrial Buildings ⦁ Storage Buildings ⦁ Hazardous Buildings ⦁ RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. These shall include one or two private dwellings, apartment houses (flats), dormitories, hostels etc. ⦁ Educational Buildings. These shall include any building used for school, collage or day-care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation. ⦁ Institutional Buildings. These shall include any building or part thereof which is used for purposes such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness or disease, care the liberty of the imamates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the accommodation for the occupants. It includes hospitals, sanatoria, nursing homes, orphanages, jails, prisons, mental hospitals, reformatories etc. ⦁ Assembly Buildings. These shall include any building or part of a building where group of people congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, periodic, civil, travel and similar auditoria, exhibition hall, museums, skating rings, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations, and terminals of air, surface, marine and public transportation services. ⦁ Business Buildings. These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for transaction of business, for the keeping of accounts and records for similar purposes, city halls, towns halls, court houses, libraries shall be classified in this groups in so far as principal function of these is transaction of public business and the keeping of books and records. ⦁ Mercantile Buildings. These shall include any building or part of a building which is used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail. ⦁ Industrial Building. These shall any building or part of building or structure, in which products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed, for example, refineries, gas plants , mills, dairies, Industries etc. ⦁ Storage Buildings. These shall include any building or part of a building primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise, like warehouses, cold storages, freight deptt, transit sheds, garages, hangers, grain elevators, stables etc. ⦁ Hazardous Buildings. These shall any building or part of building which is used for the storage , handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and which may produce poisonous fumes or other liquids or chemicals producing flame, fumes and explosive etc. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING A Building can be broadly divided in two parts (1) Sub-structure and (2) Super-structure. The portion of building below the surrounding ground is known as sub-structure and he portion above the round is termed as super-structure . ⦁ Foundations ⦁ Plinth ⦁ Walls ⦁ Columns ⦁ Floors ⦁ Doors, windows and ventilators ⦁ Stairs ⦁ Roofs ⦁ Building finishes ⦁ Building services COMPONENTS 1.Foundations: Foundation is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is in contact with ground and transmits all the dead, live and other loads to the soil on which the structure rests. The provision of foundation is made in such a way that the soil. RAFT FOUNDATION 2.Plinth: The portion of the building between the ground surrounding the building and the top of the floor immediately above the ground is known as plinth. The level of the surrounding ground is known as formation level or simply ground level and the level of the ground floor of the building is known as plinth level. The plinth height should be such that after proper leveling and grading of the ground adjoining the building (for proper drainage) there is no possibility of the rain water entering the ground floor. The built up covered area measured at the floor level is termed as plinth area. 3.Walls: Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space in desired pattern. In addition, walls provide privacy, security and give protection against sun, rain cold and other adverse effects of weather. The division of floor space varies according to the functions required to divide the space in such a manner so as to achieve maximum carpet area and minimum area of circulation. Walls are constructed by use of building units like bricks, stone, concrete blocks (hollow or solid) etc. The building units are bounded together with mortar in horizontal and vertical joints and the construction is termed as masonry. When bricks are used as building units it is known as bricks masonry and stones are used as building units it known as stones masonry. Walls can be dividing in two categories ⦁ Load bearing walls and (2) Non-load bearing walls A load bearing wall supports its own weights as well as the super-imposed loads transferred to it through floor/roofs. A non-load bearing wall on the other hand carries its own weights and is not designed to carry any super-imposed load from the structure. They are normally provided as partition walls. CONCRETE BLOCK MASONARY 4.Column: A column may be defined as an isolated vertical load bearing member the width of which is neither less then its thickness nor more then four times its thickness. Pier is a vertical load bearing member similar to a column except that it bonded into load bearing wall at the sides to form an integral part and extends to full height of the wall. A pier is introduced to increase the stiffness of the wall to carry additional load or to carry vertical concentrated load. Pier also strengthens the wall to resist lateral pressure without buckling. COLUMN 5.Floors: Floors are flat supporting elements of a building. They divide a building into different levels thereby creating more accommodation on a given plot of land. The basic purpose of floor is to provide a firm and dry platform for people and other items like furniture, stores, equipment’s etc. floor is generally referred to by its location. A floor provided for accommodation below the natural ground level is termed as basement floor. A floor immediately above the ground is termed as ground floor and all other floors such as 1st floor, 2nd floor etc. A floor basically consists of two parts namely (1) Sub-floor (2) flooring The sub-floor is the structural component of the floor which supports all the loads (dead and super-imposed) r. and flooring is covering layer of desired specification (cement concrete, terrazzo, tiles etc.) provided over the sub-floor to serve as a finishing layer. 6.Doors, Windows and Ventilators: A door may be defined as a barrier secured in an opening left in a wall to provide usual means of access to a building, room or passage. This can be termed as the most constantly used moving component in a building. A door normally consists of two components namely (1) Door frame (2) Door shutter. The door frame is permanently held in position and fixed to the masonry of the opening with the help of hold-fasts or raw plugs. Shutter is the moving part of the door. Doors are made out of material like wood, steel, aluminums, plastic, flexible rubber etc. they can be side hung and sliding, folding, revolving or rolling type depending upon the functional requirement. A window may be defined as an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing day light, vision and ventilation. Similar to door, a window has a frame and one or more shutters. The shutters are normally fitted with glass or similar transparent material. The windows can be side hung, top or bottom hung, louvered types and the shutters can be fully glazed, paneled and glazed or fully paneled types. 7.Roof: It is the uppermost component of a building and its main function is to cover the space below and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc. a roof basically consist of two component name. (1)The roof decking and (2) The roof covering. The roof decking is the structural component which supports the roof covering. A roof can be either flat, pitched or curved in shape. The choice of type of roof is made keeping in view the location of the building, weather conditions, funds available and functional and aesthetics requirement. The structural component or roof decking in case of pitched roof is generally a truss, in case of curved roof it is a shell or dome and in case of flat roof it is a flat slab. The roof covering or roofing which is provided over pitched roof could be in the form of tiles, slates, A.C. sheets, G.I. sheets, etc. In case of flat of a layer of varying thickness of material like lime concrete, mud phuska etc. the terracing serves dual purpose (1)of providing suitable slopes on the roof top for draining of rain water and (2) of acting as insulation layer for providing thermal comfort to the users of the space below. ROOF SITE VEIW:SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK ⦁ Site clearance ⦁ Demarcation of site ⦁ Positioning of central coordinate is (0 ,0,0) as per grid plan ⦁ Surveying and layout ⦁ Excavation ⦁ Laying of PCC ⦁ Bar binding and placement of foundation steel ⦁ Shuttering and Scaffolding ⦁ Concreting ⦁ Electrical and Plumping ⦁ DE shuttering ⦁ Brick work ⦁ Doors and windows frames along with lintels ⦁ Wiring for electrical purposes ⦁ Plastering ⦁ Flooring and tilting work ⦁ Painting ⦁ Final completion and handling over the project
GENERAL A building can be defined as a structure broadly consisting of walls, floor and roofs, erected to provide covered space for different uses such as residence, education, `business, manufacturing, storage, hospitalization, entertainment, worship etc. this method adopted for construction and choice of material to be used in the building depends upon a number of factors like character of occupancy , location of site, climate, local materials and funds available. Normally all building are constructed according to drawing and specifications prepared by architects. TYPES OF BUILDING Depending upon the character of occupancy or the types of use, different types of building have been classified in following groups as per national building code :- ⦁ Residential Buildings ⦁ Educational Buildings ⦁ Institutional Buildings ⦁ Assembly Buildings ⦁ Business Buildings ⦁ Mercantile Buildings ⦁ Industrial Buildings ⦁ Storage Buildings ⦁ Hazardous Buildings ⦁ RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. These shall include one or two private dwellings, apartment houses (flats), dormitories, hostels etc. ⦁ Educational Buildings. These shall include any building used for school, collage or day-care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation. ⦁ Institutional Buildings. These shall include any building or part thereof which is used for purposes such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness or disease, care the liberty of the imamates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the accommodation for the occupants. It includes hospitals, sanatoria, nursing homes, orphanages, jails, prisons, mental hospitals, reformatories etc. ⦁ Assembly Buildings. These shall include any building or part of a building where group of people congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, periodic, civil, travel and similar auditoria, exhibition hall, museums, skating rings, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations, and terminals of air, surface, marine and public transportation services. ⦁ Business Buildings. These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for transaction of business, for the keeping of accounts and records for similar purposes, city halls, towns halls, court houses, libraries shall be classified in this groups in so far as principal function of these is transaction of public business and the keeping of books and records. ⦁ Mercantile Buildings. These shall include any building or part of a building which is used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail. ⦁ Industrial Building. These shall any building or part of building or structure, in which products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed, for example, refineries, gas plants , mills, dairies, Industries etc. ⦁ Storage Buildings. These shall include any building or part of a building primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise, like warehouses, cold storages, freight deptt, transit sheds, garages, hangers, grain elevators, stables etc. ⦁ Hazardous Buildings. These shall any building or part of building which is used for the storage , handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and which may produce poisonous fumes or other liquids or chemicals producing flame, fumes and explosive etc. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING A Building can be broadly divided in two parts (1) Sub-structure and (2) Super-structure. The portion of building below the surrounding ground is known as sub-structure and he portion above the round is termed as super-structure . ⦁ Foundations ⦁ Plinth ⦁ Walls ⦁ Columns ⦁ Floors ⦁ Doors, windows and ventilators ⦁ Stairs ⦁ Roofs ⦁ Building finishes ⦁ Building services COMPONENTS 1.Foundations: Foundation is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is in contact with ground and transmits all the dead, live and other loads to the soil on which the structure rests. The provision of foundation is made in such a way that the soil. RAFT FOUNDATION 2.Plinth: The portion of the building between the ground surrounding the building and the top of the floor immediately above the ground is known as plinth. The level of the surrounding ground is known as formation level or simply ground level and the level of the ground floor of the building is known as plinth level. The plinth height should be such that after proper leveling and grading of the ground adjoining the building (for proper drainage) there is no possibility of the rain water entering the ground floor. The built up covered area measured at the floor level is termed as plinth area. 3.Walls: Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space in desired pattern. In addition, walls provide privacy, security and give protection against sun, rain cold and other adverse effects of weather. The division of floor space varies according to the functions required to divide the space in such a manner so as to achieve maximum carpet area and minimum area of circulation. Walls are constructed by use of building units like bricks, stone, concrete blocks (hollow or solid) etc. The building units are bounded together with mortar in horizontal and vertical joints and the construction is termed as masonry. When bricks are used as building units it is known as bricks masonry and stones are used as building units it known as stones masonry. Walls can be dividing in two categories ⦁ Load bearing walls and (2) Non-load bearing walls A load bearing wall supports its own weights as well as the super-imposed loads transferred to it through floor/roofs. A non-load bearing wall on the other hand carries its own weights and is not designed to carry any super-imposed load from the structure. They are normally provided as partition walls. CONCRETE BLOCK MASONARY 4.Column: A column may be defined as an isolated vertical load bearing member the width of which is neither less then its thickness nor more then four times its thickness. Pier is a vertical load bearing member similar to a column except that it bonded into load bearing wall at the sides to form an integral part and extends to full height of the wall. A pier is introduced to increase the stiffness of the wall to carry additional load or to carry vertical concentrated load. Pier also strengthens the wall to resist lateral pressure without buckling. COLUMN 5.Floors: Floors are flat supporting elements of a building. They divide a building into different levels thereby creating more accommodation on a given plot of land. The basic purpose of floor is to provide a firm and dry platform for people and other items like furniture, stores, equipment’s etc. floor is generally referred to by its location. A floor provided for accommodation below the natural ground level is termed as basement floor. A floor immediately above the ground is termed as ground floor and all other floors such as 1st floor, 2nd floor etc. A floor basically consists of two parts namely (1) Sub-floor (2) flooring The sub-floor is the structural component of the floor which supports all the loads (dead and super-imposed) r. and flooring is covering layer of desired specification (cement concrete, terrazzo, tiles etc.) provided over the sub-floor to serve as a finishing layer. 6.Doors, Windows and Ventilators: A door may be defined as a barrier secured in an opening left in a wall to provide usual means of access to a building, room or passage. This can be termed as the most constantly used moving component in a building. A door normally consists of two components namely (1) Door frame (2) Door shutter. The door frame is permanently held in position and fixed to the masonry of the opening with the help of hold-fasts or raw plugs. Shutter is the moving part of the door. Doors are made out of material like wood, steel, aluminums, plastic, flexible rubber etc. they can be side hung and sliding, folding, revolving or rolling type depending upon the functional requirement. A window may be defined as an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing day light, vision and ventilation. Similar to door, a window has a frame and one or more shutters. The shutters are normally fitted with glass or similar transparent material. The windows can be side hung, top or bottom hung, louvered types and the shutters can be fully glazed, paneled and glazed or fully paneled types. 7.Roof: It is the uppermost component of a building and its main function is to cover the space below and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc. a roof basically consist of two component name. (1)The roof decking and (2) The roof covering. The roof decking is the structural component which supports the roof covering. A roof can be either flat, pitched or curved in shape. The choice of type of roof is made keeping in view the location of the building, weather conditions, funds available and functional and aesthetics requirement. The structural component or roof decking in case of pitched roof is generally a truss, in case of curved roof it is a shell or dome and in case of flat roof it is a flat slab. The roof covering or roofing which is provided over pitched roof could be in the form of tiles, slates, A.C. sheets, G.I. sheets, etc. In case of flat of a layer of varying thickness of material like lime concrete, mud phuska etc. the terracing serves dual purpose (1)of providing suitable slopes on the roof top for draining of rain water and (2) of acting as insulation layer for providing thermal comfort to the users of the space below. ROOF SITE VEIW:SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK ⦁ Site clearance ⦁ Demarcation of site ⦁ Positioning of central coordinate is (0 ,0,0) as per grid plan ⦁ Surveying and layout ⦁ Excavation ⦁ Laying of PCC ⦁ Bar binding and placement of foundation steel ⦁ Shuttering and Scaffolding ⦁ Concreting ⦁ Electrical and Plumping ⦁ DE shuttering ⦁ Brick work ⦁ Doors and windows frames along with lintels ⦁ Wiring for electrical purposes ⦁ Plastering ⦁ Flooring and tilting work ⦁ Painting ⦁ Final completion and handling over the project