10-09-2014, 04:25 PM
4G WIRELESS SYSTEM SEMINAR REPORT
[attachment=67795]
ABSTRACT:
This report documents the work carried out by the author on systems beyond third generation mobile wireless networks. This is why it has been suitably titled as 4G (fourth generation) mobile wireless networks. The aim of this research line is to develop a system for robust coding of video content for 4G applications. An investigation, comparison, and evaluation of methods how to send short video messages(video postcards) using a 3G and 4G systems, using a mobile terminal such as a cell phone will be carried Out.
The selection of image and video standards, error concealment, displays and batteries have also been pursued. Research has also been carried out in markets and applications, network evolution and radio access for 4G. Other topics that are relevant to 4G such as java based I-mode programs and FOMA technology have also been included.
Initiatives have also been identified that will have an impact on the development of 4G and how it will diverge along with its concerns. The selection of multiple access techniques suitable for 4G and 3Gstandards that will integrate with 4G have also been addressed.
Many enabling techniques including software radio, smart antennas and digital signal processing aspects are improving the spectral efficiency of 3G systems and have been marked as suitable technologies. An explosive growth is expected in mobile communications over the next decade with higher speeds and larger capacities than provided by third-generation communications mobile systems, which must be made possible in order to meet the requirements for faster speeds and more diverse usage formats.
Accordingly, studies are now being carried out to develop the fourth generation of mobile systems. Fourth generation mobile communications involves a blend of concepts and technologies in the making. Some can be recognized as being derived from 3G, while others involve new approaches to wireless mobile networks
INTRODUCTION:
Wireless mobile‐communications systems are introduced in the early 1980s; first‐generation (1G) systems were marked by analog‐frequency modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Second ‐ generation (2G) wireless‐communications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and reception. The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5Gan in‐between service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G.
Whereby 2G communications is generally associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being fueled by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and paging services, as well as interactive‐media use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and other services.
The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth these systems provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor static applications). Segue to 4G, the next dimension of wireless communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna.
Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 2‐8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere. The 3G Wireless systems were proposed to provide voice and paging services to provide interactive multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access and variety of other services.
However, these systems offer wide area network (WAN) coverage of 384 kbps peak rate and limited coverage for 2 Mbps.Hence providing broadband services would be one of the major goals of the 4G Wireless systems.
2 WHAT IS 4G?
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.It will provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and multimedia can be given to user on an “anytime, anywhere” basis. It includes several types of broadband wireless communication system access including cellular telephone system. It will provide seamless mobility and internet access at a rate.
Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently.
The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high‐speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator‐driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks.
The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP‐based wireless Internet. This all‐encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network),all with IP as the integrating mechanism
6 OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing):
OFDM is a broadband multicarrier modulation method that offers superior performance and benefits over older, more traditional single-carrier modulation methods because it is a better fit with today’s high-speed data requirements and operation in the UHF and microwave spectrum.
OFDM, a form of multi‐carrier modulation. An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to modulation. OFDM is being increasingly used in high -speed information transmission systems.
OFDM transmits data by splitting radio signals that are broad cast simultaneously over different frequencies.OFDMA used in mobile WiMax,also provides that are immune to interference and can support high data rates.It is said to use power more efficiency than 3G systems while using smaller amplifiers and antennas.
This all translates to expected lower equipment costs for wireless carriers.The beauty of OFDM lies in its simplicity.one trick of the trade makes OFDM transmitters low cost is the ability to implement the mapping .OFDM is more resistant to frequency selective fading than single carrier systems.
The OFDM transmitter simplifies the channel effect,thus a simpler receiver structure is enough for recovering data
7 UWB(Ultra Band width):
UWB differs substantially from conventional narrowband radio frequency (RF) and spread spectrum technologies (SS), such as Bluetooth Technology and 802.11a/g. UWB uses an extremely wide band of RF spectrum to transmit data (Figure 2). In so doing, UWB is able to transmit more data in a given period of time than the more traditional technologies.
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) wireless communications offers a radically different approach to wireless communications compared to conventional narrow band systems. Ultra wideband is of particular interest for fourth-generation wireless applications that emphasize short range, high data rate, and/or low power. We focus on ultra wideband radio due to its unique advantages: high data rate, low power, and resilience to multipath fading effect. Two major approaches to ultra wideband signaling, impulse-based and multicarrier ultra wideband are elaborated. Furthermore, two categories of multiple accesses are also considered: distributed and centralized.
UWB is a unique and new usage of a recently legalized frequency spectrum. UWB radios can use frequencies from 3.1 GHz to 10.6GHz—a band more than 7 GHz wide. Each radio channel can have a bandwidth of more than 500 MHz, depending on its center frequency. To allow for such a large signal bandwidth, the FCC put in place severe broadcast power restrictions.
8 SMART ANTENNAS:
A smart antenna system consists of multiple antenna elements with signal processing to automatically optimize the antennas radiation (transmitter) and/or reception (receiver) patterns in response to the signal environment. One smart‐antenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows promise in 4G systems. MIMO (Multi‐Input Multi‐Output) is a smart antenna system where smartness is considered at both transmitter and the receiver.
MIMO represents space‐division multiplexing (SDM)—information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received on M antennas. Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequency band and at the same time.
This results in high spectral efficiencies in a rich scattering environment (high multi‐path), since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously. A smart antenna is a multi-element antenna where the signals received at each antenna element are intelligently combined to improve the performance of the wireless system. The reverse is performed on transmit.
Smart antennas can:
1. Increase signal range
2. Suppress interfering signal
3. Increase the capacity of wireless systems
9 MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT (MIMO) RADIO
Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver have the potential to significantly increase the capacity of a wireless communications channel. That is, using multiple-input (MIMO) techniques with these antennas, multiple independent channels can be supported in the same bandwidth, but only if the scattering environment is rich enough. Recent research has shown that high theoretical capacity is possible-data rates as high as 40 bits/s/Hz have been demonstrated (in an indoor slow fading environment).
However, in cellular mobile radio, the channel differs in several important ways from the indoor channel. Therefore, to determine the potential of MIMO techniques for 3G and 4G wireless systems, we conducted the first field tests to characterize the mobile MIMO radio channel in a typical cellular environment. We present field test results showing the potential increase in capacity using 4 transmit and 4 receive antennas at both the base station and terminal in a mobile environment.
Here we extend the study by comparing the increase in capacity for different antenna configurations the increase in capacity for different antenna configurations using 4 transmit 4 receive antennas at both the base station and terminal in a mobile environment.The test system consisted of a 4-branch station receiver with rooftop antennas and 4 transmitters at the mobile with antennas mounted on a laptop computer
With multi beam antennas,the capacity was only slightly greater than one,expect when dual polarized beams were used,which provided an average capacity of about 2.We compare results for a base station rooftop antenna,a vertically-polarized multibeam antenna array, and a dual-polarized multi beam antenna array.
he field test data and results are valuable inputs to development of multi-antenna systems and MIMO adaptive antenna algorithms and show that MIMO techniques could substantially increase the data rate and capacity of future cellular systems
Cameras in traffic light:
Some major cities have deployed cameras on traffic lights and send those images back to a central command center. This is generally done using fiber, which limits where the cameras can be hung. 4G networks allow cities to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly. These cameras can also serve as fixed infrastructure devices to support the mobile sensor.
First responder route selection:
Using fiber to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence collected flows one way: from the camera to the command center. Using a 4G network, those images can also be sent from the command center back out to the streets.
Ambulances and fire trucks facing congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate route. Police, stuck in traffic on major thoroughfares, can look ahead and make a decision as to whether it would be faster to stay on the main roads or exit to the side roads.
CONCLUSION:
• 4G provide with a very efficient and reliable wireless communication system for seamless roaming over various networks including internet which uses IP network.
• It will be implemented in the coming years which are a miracle in the field of communication engineering technology.
• It will dominate the wireless communications, and its converged system will replace most conventional wireless infrastructure
[attachment=67795]
ABSTRACT:
This report documents the work carried out by the author on systems beyond third generation mobile wireless networks. This is why it has been suitably titled as 4G (fourth generation) mobile wireless networks. The aim of this research line is to develop a system for robust coding of video content for 4G applications. An investigation, comparison, and evaluation of methods how to send short video messages(video postcards) using a 3G and 4G systems, using a mobile terminal such as a cell phone will be carried Out.
The selection of image and video standards, error concealment, displays and batteries have also been pursued. Research has also been carried out in markets and applications, network evolution and radio access for 4G. Other topics that are relevant to 4G such as java based I-mode programs and FOMA technology have also been included.
Initiatives have also been identified that will have an impact on the development of 4G and how it will diverge along with its concerns. The selection of multiple access techniques suitable for 4G and 3Gstandards that will integrate with 4G have also been addressed.
Many enabling techniques including software radio, smart antennas and digital signal processing aspects are improving the spectral efficiency of 3G systems and have been marked as suitable technologies. An explosive growth is expected in mobile communications over the next decade with higher speeds and larger capacities than provided by third-generation communications mobile systems, which must be made possible in order to meet the requirements for faster speeds and more diverse usage formats.
Accordingly, studies are now being carried out to develop the fourth generation of mobile systems. Fourth generation mobile communications involves a blend of concepts and technologies in the making. Some can be recognized as being derived from 3G, while others involve new approaches to wireless mobile networks
INTRODUCTION:
Wireless mobile‐communications systems are introduced in the early 1980s; first‐generation (1G) systems were marked by analog‐frequency modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Second ‐ generation (2G) wireless‐communications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and reception. The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5Gan in‐between service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G.
Whereby 2G communications is generally associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being fueled by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and paging services, as well as interactive‐media use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and other services.
The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth these systems provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor static applications). Segue to 4G, the next dimension of wireless communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna.
Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 2‐8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere. The 3G Wireless systems were proposed to provide voice and paging services to provide interactive multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access and variety of other services.
However, these systems offer wide area network (WAN) coverage of 384 kbps peak rate and limited coverage for 2 Mbps.Hence providing broadband services would be one of the major goals of the 4G Wireless systems.
2 WHAT IS 4G?
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.It will provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and multimedia can be given to user on an “anytime, anywhere” basis. It includes several types of broadband wireless communication system access including cellular telephone system. It will provide seamless mobility and internet access at a rate.
Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently.
The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high‐speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator‐driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks.
The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP‐based wireless Internet. This all‐encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network),all with IP as the integrating mechanism
6 OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing):
OFDM is a broadband multicarrier modulation method that offers superior performance and benefits over older, more traditional single-carrier modulation methods because it is a better fit with today’s high-speed data requirements and operation in the UHF and microwave spectrum.
OFDM, a form of multi‐carrier modulation. An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to modulation. OFDM is being increasingly used in high -speed information transmission systems.
OFDM transmits data by splitting radio signals that are broad cast simultaneously over different frequencies.OFDMA used in mobile WiMax,also provides that are immune to interference and can support high data rates.It is said to use power more efficiency than 3G systems while using smaller amplifiers and antennas.
This all translates to expected lower equipment costs for wireless carriers.The beauty of OFDM lies in its simplicity.one trick of the trade makes OFDM transmitters low cost is the ability to implement the mapping .OFDM is more resistant to frequency selective fading than single carrier systems.
The OFDM transmitter simplifies the channel effect,thus a simpler receiver structure is enough for recovering data
7 UWB(Ultra Band width):
UWB differs substantially from conventional narrowband radio frequency (RF) and spread spectrum technologies (SS), such as Bluetooth Technology and 802.11a/g. UWB uses an extremely wide band of RF spectrum to transmit data (Figure 2). In so doing, UWB is able to transmit more data in a given period of time than the more traditional technologies.
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) wireless communications offers a radically different approach to wireless communications compared to conventional narrow band systems. Ultra wideband is of particular interest for fourth-generation wireless applications that emphasize short range, high data rate, and/or low power. We focus on ultra wideband radio due to its unique advantages: high data rate, low power, and resilience to multipath fading effect. Two major approaches to ultra wideband signaling, impulse-based and multicarrier ultra wideband are elaborated. Furthermore, two categories of multiple accesses are also considered: distributed and centralized.
UWB is a unique and new usage of a recently legalized frequency spectrum. UWB radios can use frequencies from 3.1 GHz to 10.6GHz—a band more than 7 GHz wide. Each radio channel can have a bandwidth of more than 500 MHz, depending on its center frequency. To allow for such a large signal bandwidth, the FCC put in place severe broadcast power restrictions.
8 SMART ANTENNAS:
A smart antenna system consists of multiple antenna elements with signal processing to automatically optimize the antennas radiation (transmitter) and/or reception (receiver) patterns in response to the signal environment. One smart‐antenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows promise in 4G systems. MIMO (Multi‐Input Multi‐Output) is a smart antenna system where smartness is considered at both transmitter and the receiver.
MIMO represents space‐division multiplexing (SDM)—information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received on M antennas. Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequency band and at the same time.
This results in high spectral efficiencies in a rich scattering environment (high multi‐path), since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously. A smart antenna is a multi-element antenna where the signals received at each antenna element are intelligently combined to improve the performance of the wireless system. The reverse is performed on transmit.
Smart antennas can:
1. Increase signal range
2. Suppress interfering signal
3. Increase the capacity of wireless systems
9 MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT (MIMO) RADIO
Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver have the potential to significantly increase the capacity of a wireless communications channel. That is, using multiple-input (MIMO) techniques with these antennas, multiple independent channels can be supported in the same bandwidth, but only if the scattering environment is rich enough. Recent research has shown that high theoretical capacity is possible-data rates as high as 40 bits/s/Hz have been demonstrated (in an indoor slow fading environment).
However, in cellular mobile radio, the channel differs in several important ways from the indoor channel. Therefore, to determine the potential of MIMO techniques for 3G and 4G wireless systems, we conducted the first field tests to characterize the mobile MIMO radio channel in a typical cellular environment. We present field test results showing the potential increase in capacity using 4 transmit and 4 receive antennas at both the base station and terminal in a mobile environment.
Here we extend the study by comparing the increase in capacity for different antenna configurations the increase in capacity for different antenna configurations using 4 transmit 4 receive antennas at both the base station and terminal in a mobile environment.The test system consisted of a 4-branch station receiver with rooftop antennas and 4 transmitters at the mobile with antennas mounted on a laptop computer
With multi beam antennas,the capacity was only slightly greater than one,expect when dual polarized beams were used,which provided an average capacity of about 2.We compare results for a base station rooftop antenna,a vertically-polarized multibeam antenna array, and a dual-polarized multi beam antenna array.
he field test data and results are valuable inputs to development of multi-antenna systems and MIMO adaptive antenna algorithms and show that MIMO techniques could substantially increase the data rate and capacity of future cellular systems
Cameras in traffic light:
Some major cities have deployed cameras on traffic lights and send those images back to a central command center. This is generally done using fiber, which limits where the cameras can be hung. 4G networks allow cities to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly. These cameras can also serve as fixed infrastructure devices to support the mobile sensor.
First responder route selection:
Using fiber to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence collected flows one way: from the camera to the command center. Using a 4G network, those images can also be sent from the command center back out to the streets.
Ambulances and fire trucks facing congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate route. Police, stuck in traffic on major thoroughfares, can look ahead and make a decision as to whether it would be faster to stay on the main roads or exit to the side roads.
CONCLUSION:
• 4G provide with a very efficient and reliable wireless communication system for seamless roaming over various networks including internet which uses IP network.
• It will be implemented in the coming years which are a miracle in the field of communication engineering technology.
• It will dominate the wireless communications, and its converged system will replace most conventional wireless infrastructure