12-09-2014, 11:02 AM
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
[attachment=67858]
ABSTRACT
Now a days consumer products like washing machine, microwave oven, and cellphone
to industries digital technology plays a major role. But we have not yet used this
technology in bikes. What my idea of making u se of this tech. in bikes is a complete
digital bike operating system sans key. According to my invention key is not required
to operate a bike(The operation includes starting & locking the bike, fuel tank cap
opening) & also the petrol knob need no t to be turned on for petrol flow. All are done
automatically by pressing a single button. To start the bike a four -digit password has to
be entered. A keypad is provided for this purpose. After the acceptance of the
password, we can operate the bike . Some safety features are also introduced .If others
try to operate the bike with out the permission from the bike owner they will fail in
their attempt and immediately an alarm which is fixed in the bike starts louding and at
the same time a receiver will indicate it to us.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
In the past it was much easier to distinguish an embedded system from general purpose computer than its today.
Clearly the increase in hardware performance and low cost blurred the demarc ation line. Embedded specifies the
integration and system is one which responds to input producing required output. Gadgets are increasingly becoming
intelligent and autonomous. MP3 players, mobile phones and automotive brakes are some of the common exampl es
built with intelligence. The intelligence of smart devices resides in embedded systems.
CHARACTERISTICS
Two major areas of differences are cost and power consumption. Since many embedded systems are produced in
the tens of thousands to millions of units range, reducing cost is a major concern.
Embedded systems often use a (relatively) slow processor and small memory size to minimize costs. The slowness
is not just clock speed. The whole architecture of the computer is often intentionally simplified to lower costs. For
example, embedded systems often use peripherals controlled by synchronous serial interfaces, which are ten to
hundreds of times slower than comp arable peripherals used in PCs. Programs on an embedded system often must
run with real-time constraints with limited hardware resources: often there is no disk drive, operating system,
keyboard or screen. A flash drive may replace rotating media, and a sm all keypad and LCD screen may be used
instead of a PC's keyboard and screen.Firmware is the name for software that is embedded in hardware devices, e.g.
in one or more ROM/Flash memory IC chips.Embedded systems are routinely expected to maintain 100% reali bility
while running continuously for long periods, sometimes measured in years. Firmware is usually developed and
tested to much stricter requirements than is general purpose software which can usually be easily restarted if a
problem occurs.
DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
The electronics usually uses either a microprocessor or a microcontroller. Some l arge or old systems use general
purpose mainframe computers or minicomputers.
Start-up
All embedded systems have start-up code. Usually it disables interrupts, sets up the electronics, tests the computer
(RAM, CPU and software), and then starts the application code. Many embedded systems recover from short -term
power failures by restarting (without recent self -tests). Restart times under a tenth of a second are common. Many
designers have found one of more hardware plus software -controlled LEDs useful to indicate errors during
development. A common scheme is to have the electronics turn off the LED(s) at reset, whereupon the software
turns it on at the first opportunity, to prove that the hardware and start -up software have performed their job so far.
After that, the software blinks the LED(s) or sets up light patterns
during normal operation, to indicate program execution progress and/or errors. This serves to r eassure most
technicians/engineers and some users
TYPES OF EMBEDDED SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES
There are several basically different types of software architectures in common use.
The control loop
In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines. Each subroutine manages a part of the
hardware or software. Interrupts generally set flags, or update counters that are read by the rest of the software.A
simple API disables and enables interrupts. Done right, it handles nested calls in nested subroutines, and restores the
preceding interrupt state in the outermost enable. This is one of the simplest methods of creating an exokernel.
MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Solenoids are used for bike lock and fuel flow control. For bike lock push/pull type solenoid is used.
For fuel control 3/8 inch, normally clos ed type solenoid is used.
Password changing
For changing the password, press the L/U button & enter the secret code numbe r (Secret code- each bike will have
a different secret code which is used to change the password & this secret code will be set by the manufacturer).
Now the existing password will be erased & the password change light indicator in the keypad will indicate it.
Now enter the new password. Then the password change light in the keypad goes off which indicates that the new
password has been stored successfully. After getting the green signal press the L/U button.
Battery power indicator
This system works with 12v battery. A red light glows whenever the battery goes down below 11v & immediately
this system draws power from an additional battery provided. However it is mandatory to recharge the main
battery within two days whenever you get the battery low in dication. The battery low indicator will go off only
after recharging the main battery.
CONCLUSION
This project enables the bike owner to enjoy the Digital technology in bike and also it makes the owner f eel free
from theft fear complex.
[attachment=67858]
ABSTRACT
Now a days consumer products like washing machine, microwave oven, and cellphone
to industries digital technology plays a major role. But we have not yet used this
technology in bikes. What my idea of making u se of this tech. in bikes is a complete
digital bike operating system sans key. According to my invention key is not required
to operate a bike(The operation includes starting & locking the bike, fuel tank cap
opening) & also the petrol knob need no t to be turned on for petrol flow. All are done
automatically by pressing a single button. To start the bike a four -digit password has to
be entered. A keypad is provided for this purpose. After the acceptance of the
password, we can operate the bike . Some safety features are also introduced .If others
try to operate the bike with out the permission from the bike owner they will fail in
their attempt and immediately an alarm which is fixed in the bike starts louding and at
the same time a receiver will indicate it to us.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
In the past it was much easier to distinguish an embedded system from general purpose computer than its today.
Clearly the increase in hardware performance and low cost blurred the demarc ation line. Embedded specifies the
integration and system is one which responds to input producing required output. Gadgets are increasingly becoming
intelligent and autonomous. MP3 players, mobile phones and automotive brakes are some of the common exampl es
built with intelligence. The intelligence of smart devices resides in embedded systems.
CHARACTERISTICS
Two major areas of differences are cost and power consumption. Since many embedded systems are produced in
the tens of thousands to millions of units range, reducing cost is a major concern.
Embedded systems often use a (relatively) slow processor and small memory size to minimize costs. The slowness
is not just clock speed. The whole architecture of the computer is often intentionally simplified to lower costs. For
example, embedded systems often use peripherals controlled by synchronous serial interfaces, which are ten to
hundreds of times slower than comp arable peripherals used in PCs. Programs on an embedded system often must
run with real-time constraints with limited hardware resources: often there is no disk drive, operating system,
keyboard or screen. A flash drive may replace rotating media, and a sm all keypad and LCD screen may be used
instead of a PC's keyboard and screen.Firmware is the name for software that is embedded in hardware devices, e.g.
in one or more ROM/Flash memory IC chips.Embedded systems are routinely expected to maintain 100% reali bility
while running continuously for long periods, sometimes measured in years. Firmware is usually developed and
tested to much stricter requirements than is general purpose software which can usually be easily restarted if a
problem occurs.
DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
The electronics usually uses either a microprocessor or a microcontroller. Some l arge or old systems use general
purpose mainframe computers or minicomputers.
Start-up
All embedded systems have start-up code. Usually it disables interrupts, sets up the electronics, tests the computer
(RAM, CPU and software), and then starts the application code. Many embedded systems recover from short -term
power failures by restarting (without recent self -tests). Restart times under a tenth of a second are common. Many
designers have found one of more hardware plus software -controlled LEDs useful to indicate errors during
development. A common scheme is to have the electronics turn off the LED(s) at reset, whereupon the software
turns it on at the first opportunity, to prove that the hardware and start -up software have performed their job so far.
After that, the software blinks the LED(s) or sets up light patterns
during normal operation, to indicate program execution progress and/or errors. This serves to r eassure most
technicians/engineers and some users
TYPES OF EMBEDDED SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES
There are several basically different types of software architectures in common use.
The control loop
In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines. Each subroutine manages a part of the
hardware or software. Interrupts generally set flags, or update counters that are read by the rest of the software.A
simple API disables and enables interrupts. Done right, it handles nested calls in nested subroutines, and restores the
preceding interrupt state in the outermost enable. This is one of the simplest methods of creating an exokernel.
MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Solenoids are used for bike lock and fuel flow control. For bike lock push/pull type solenoid is used.
For fuel control 3/8 inch, normally clos ed type solenoid is used.
Password changing
For changing the password, press the L/U button & enter the secret code numbe r (Secret code- each bike will have
a different secret code which is used to change the password & this secret code will be set by the manufacturer).
Now the existing password will be erased & the password change light indicator in the keypad will indicate it.
Now enter the new password. Then the password change light in the keypad goes off which indicates that the new
password has been stored successfully. After getting the green signal press the L/U button.
Battery power indicator
This system works with 12v battery. A red light glows whenever the battery goes down below 11v & immediately
this system draws power from an additional battery provided. However it is mandatory to recharge the main
battery within two days whenever you get the battery low in dication. The battery low indicator will go off only
after recharging the main battery.
CONCLUSION
This project enables the bike owner to enjoy the Digital technology in bike and also it makes the owner f eel free
from theft fear complex.