13-09-2014, 02:24 PM
Wireless Sensor Networks in Intelligent Transportation
Systems
[attachment=67949]
Abstract:
One of the main goals of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is economical profit in the form of fuel
consumption reduction, efficient use of existing infrastructure, pollution reduction and so on. Certainly, the economical goal
is not the only one. Increasing mobility, safety and passenger comfort are other very strong motivations for implementation
of ITS in practice. The paper analyzes the possibilities of exploitation the technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in
ITS. Detailed description of sensor node designed for sensing intensity of magnetic field and acceleration is provided. As an
example, the proposed sensor is used to sense the speed of moving vehicles and to classify the vehicles according their
estimated length.
INTRODUCTION
Transportation is inseparably linked to the life of every person, whether in the form of passenger transport or
material transport. The amount of transported people and goods continues to grow and with it the economic importance of
transport. With around € 533 billion in Gross Value Added (GVA) at basic prices, the transport and storage services sector
(including postal and courier activities) accounted for about 5.1 % (4.6 % in 2008) of total GVA in the EU-27 in 2009 [1]. It
should be noted, however, that this figure only includes the GVA of companies whose main activity is the provision of
transport (and transport-related) services and that own account transport operations are not included. The transport services
sector employed around 10.6 million persons, i.e. 5 % of the total workforce. In 2010, private households in the EU spent €
904 billion (13 %) of their total consumption on transport-related items, e.g. to purchase vehicles, to buy fuel for cars or
tickets for bus, train, plane and so on. Referring to above mentioned information, transportation sector represents one of core
ones in the EU. In general, meaningful activities in transportation field have positive influence on economy growing as well
as decreasing of unemployment. Unfortunately, growing number of vehicles and traffic volume in any transportation mode,
e.g. road, railway, aerospace, marine one, has implied increasing of traffic accidents, congestion and environmental
problems. In order to solve these problems, international organizations, governmental authorities, industry corporations have
been putting effort into supporting of applying electronics, information and communication technologies in the field of
transportation, so that intelligent transport systems became reality. The economic impact of the ITS industry is
significant. U.S. ITS market revenues are estimated for about $48 billion in present days and exceed those for electronic
computers, motion picture and video products, direct mail advertising, or internet advertising. U.S. private sector ITS market
revenues are expected to climb to $67 billion by CY 2015 [2].
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Development and successful deployment of WSNs depend on advances in different areas such as: low-power
electronics, micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) components, new reliable sensors, power sources with high energy
density, devices with ability to generate energy from the environment and new RF communication standards. The most
promising application areas of WSNs are
. Data processing subsystem
The role of data processing subsystem depends on how the WSN process the data. If the network is decentralized
each node must have sufficient processing power to process all relevant data and to calculate results. In the case of
centralized network structure the node just collects data and sends them to the central unit for further processing. However,
usually it is impossible to transmit all the measured data as the data transmission is very energy intensive. Therefore, we try
to minimize the volume of transmitted data. It is important to realize essential part of the data processing directly at the point
of its origin - in a sensor node. Data transmitted to other network nodes should contain just information essential for problem
solving. Basic data preprocessing algorithms thus relates to the methods of information content extracting (compression).
Another possibility is to use collaborative signal processing algorithms. These algorithms use the smart distribution of data
processing between the different network nodes in order to increase overall computing power of the network while
minimizing the total energy consumption.
Basic functions of processing subsystem are: digital processing of measured signal values, controlling of individual
modules of the sensor node, securing of transmitted data and potentially another additive functions required by particular
application. It is possible to use different devices as the core of the processing subsystem: ASIC, FPGA or universal
microcontrollers. All requirements related to technical solution is necessary to consider during selection of proper unit core.
Nowadays, microcontrollers (MCU) are mostly used as a control system of sensor node. It is clear that it is very important to
carefully consider required computing performance because increasing of it will increase energy consumption. In current
solutions are used mainly 32-bit processors StrongARM with energy consumption of 0.3W[at]1.5V/200MHz in active state,
different MCUs from 32-bit Atmel ARM7 90mW[at]3.3V/48MHz, through 16-bit MCUs TI MSP430F5437
1mW[at]3.0V/8MHz to 8-bit Atmel ATmega644 0.72 mW[at]1.8V/1MHz. Note that mentioned data has only informative
character. In case of selection of proper type of MCU is necessary to take into account significantly more parameters
(capacity of program me
CONCLUSION
Problematic of intelligent transport systems is subject of interest of many authorities, institutions as well as
commercial corporations in present days. The paper shortly introduces basic attributes of transportation processes from
safety, effectiveness, environmental and comfort point of views. Referring to key technologies using in transportation
applications: sensing, data processing, data transmission etc., problematic of wireless sensor networks is presented in the
paper as well. It is possible to state that both of research areas (ITS and WSN) are using principally comparable technologies
for data collection, processing and transmission. It means that WSN technologies are well applicable in the field of
intelligent transportation systems. Certainly, selection of applications must correlate with specific WSN characteristics.
Finally, it is possible to state that implementation of wireless autonomous devices in the field of intelligent transportation
systems has very good perspective.
Systems
[attachment=67949]
Abstract:
One of the main goals of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is economical profit in the form of fuel
consumption reduction, efficient use of existing infrastructure, pollution reduction and so on. Certainly, the economical goal
is not the only one. Increasing mobility, safety and passenger comfort are other very strong motivations for implementation
of ITS in practice. The paper analyzes the possibilities of exploitation the technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in
ITS. Detailed description of sensor node designed for sensing intensity of magnetic field and acceleration is provided. As an
example, the proposed sensor is used to sense the speed of moving vehicles and to classify the vehicles according their
estimated length.
INTRODUCTION
Transportation is inseparably linked to the life of every person, whether in the form of passenger transport or
material transport. The amount of transported people and goods continues to grow and with it the economic importance of
transport. With around € 533 billion in Gross Value Added (GVA) at basic prices, the transport and storage services sector
(including postal and courier activities) accounted for about 5.1 % (4.6 % in 2008) of total GVA in the EU-27 in 2009 [1]. It
should be noted, however, that this figure only includes the GVA of companies whose main activity is the provision of
transport (and transport-related) services and that own account transport operations are not included. The transport services
sector employed around 10.6 million persons, i.e. 5 % of the total workforce. In 2010, private households in the EU spent €
904 billion (13 %) of their total consumption on transport-related items, e.g. to purchase vehicles, to buy fuel for cars or
tickets for bus, train, plane and so on. Referring to above mentioned information, transportation sector represents one of core
ones in the EU. In general, meaningful activities in transportation field have positive influence on economy growing as well
as decreasing of unemployment. Unfortunately, growing number of vehicles and traffic volume in any transportation mode,
e.g. road, railway, aerospace, marine one, has implied increasing of traffic accidents, congestion and environmental
problems. In order to solve these problems, international organizations, governmental authorities, industry corporations have
been putting effort into supporting of applying electronics, information and communication technologies in the field of
transportation, so that intelligent transport systems became reality. The economic impact of the ITS industry is
significant. U.S. ITS market revenues are estimated for about $48 billion in present days and exceed those for electronic
computers, motion picture and video products, direct mail advertising, or internet advertising. U.S. private sector ITS market
revenues are expected to climb to $67 billion by CY 2015 [2].
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Development and successful deployment of WSNs depend on advances in different areas such as: low-power
electronics, micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) components, new reliable sensors, power sources with high energy
density, devices with ability to generate energy from the environment and new RF communication standards. The most
promising application areas of WSNs are
. Data processing subsystem
The role of data processing subsystem depends on how the WSN process the data. If the network is decentralized
each node must have sufficient processing power to process all relevant data and to calculate results. In the case of
centralized network structure the node just collects data and sends them to the central unit for further processing. However,
usually it is impossible to transmit all the measured data as the data transmission is very energy intensive. Therefore, we try
to minimize the volume of transmitted data. It is important to realize essential part of the data processing directly at the point
of its origin - in a sensor node. Data transmitted to other network nodes should contain just information essential for problem
solving. Basic data preprocessing algorithms thus relates to the methods of information content extracting (compression).
Another possibility is to use collaborative signal processing algorithms. These algorithms use the smart distribution of data
processing between the different network nodes in order to increase overall computing power of the network while
minimizing the total energy consumption.
Basic functions of processing subsystem are: digital processing of measured signal values, controlling of individual
modules of the sensor node, securing of transmitted data and potentially another additive functions required by particular
application. It is possible to use different devices as the core of the processing subsystem: ASIC, FPGA or universal
microcontrollers. All requirements related to technical solution is necessary to consider during selection of proper unit core.
Nowadays, microcontrollers (MCU) are mostly used as a control system of sensor node. It is clear that it is very important to
carefully consider required computing performance because increasing of it will increase energy consumption. In current
solutions are used mainly 32-bit processors StrongARM with energy consumption of 0.3W[at]1.5V/200MHz in active state,
different MCUs from 32-bit Atmel ARM7 90mW[at]3.3V/48MHz, through 16-bit MCUs TI MSP430F5437
1mW[at]3.0V/8MHz to 8-bit Atmel ATmega644 0.72 mW[at]1.8V/1MHz. Note that mentioned data has only informative
character. In case of selection of proper type of MCU is necessary to take into account significantly more parameters
(capacity of program me
CONCLUSION
Problematic of intelligent transport systems is subject of interest of many authorities, institutions as well as
commercial corporations in present days. The paper shortly introduces basic attributes of transportation processes from
safety, effectiveness, environmental and comfort point of views. Referring to key technologies using in transportation
applications: sensing, data processing, data transmission etc., problematic of wireless sensor networks is presented in the
paper as well. It is possible to state that both of research areas (ITS and WSN) are using principally comparable technologies
for data collection, processing and transmission. It means that WSN technologies are well applicable in the field of
intelligent transportation systems. Certainly, selection of applications must correlate with specific WSN characteristics.
Finally, it is possible to state that implementation of wireless autonomous devices in the field of intelligent transportation
systems has very good perspective.