16-09-2014, 10:08 AM
P-ISM
[attachment=68000]
. INTRODUCTION
Five pen pc shortly caled as P-ISM (“Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package”), is
nothing but he new discovery, which is under developing stage by NEC Corporation. P-ISM
is a gadget package including five functions: a CPU pen, communication pen with a celular
phone function, virtual keyboard, a very smal projector, and a camera. P-ISM’s are
conected with one another through short-range wireles technology. The whole set is also
conected to the Internet through the celular phone function. This personal gadget in a
minimalist pen style enables the ultimate ubiquitous computing
CPU PEN
The functionality of the CPU is done by one of the pen. It is also known as computing engine.
It consists of dual core procesor embeded in it and it works with WINDOWS operation
system. The central procesing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that caries out the
instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carying out the computer's
functions. The central procesing unit caries out each instruction of the program in sequence,
to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. This
term has ben in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design
and implementation of CPUs have changed dramaticaly since the earliest examples, but heir
fundamental operation remains much the same.
Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, sometimes one-of-a-kind, and
computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular aplication
has largely given way to the development of mas -produced procesors that are made for one
or many purposes. This standardization trend generaly began in the era of discrete transistor
mainframes and mini computers and has rapidly acelerated with the popularization of the
integrated circuit (IC). The IC has alowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and
manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers. Both the miniaturization and
standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life
far beyond the limited aplication of dedicated computing machines. Modern
microprocesors apear in everything from automobiles to cel phones and children's toys.
CONTROL UNIT:-
The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire
computer system to cary out, stored program instructions. The control unit does not execute
program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The control unit
must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory.
CPU, core memory, and external bus interface of a DEC PDP-8/I. made of medium-scale
integrated circuits.
The design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies faciltated building smaler
and more reliable electronic devices. The first such improvement came with the advent of the
transistor. Transistorized CPUs during the 1950s and 1960s no longer had to be built out of
bulky, unreliable, and fragile switching elements like vacum tubes and electrical relays. With this improvement more complex and reliable CPUs were built onto one or several
printed circuit boards containing discrete (individual) components. During this period, a method of manufacturing many transistors in a compact space gained
popularity. The integrated circuit (IC) alowed a large number of transistors to be
manufactured on a single semiconductor-based die, or "chip." At first only very basic non- specialized digital circuits such as NOR gates were miniaturized into ICs. CPUs based upon
these "building block" ICs are generaly refered to as "smal-scale integration" (SI) devices. SI ICs, such as the ones used in the Apolo guidance computer, usualy contained transistor
counts numbering in multiples of ten. To build an entire CPU out of SI ICs required
thousands of individual chips, but stil consumed much les space and power than earlier
discrete transistor designs. As microelectronic technology advanced, an increasing number of
transistors were placed on ICs, thus decreasing the quantiy of individual ICs neded for a
complete CPU. MSI and LSI (medium- and large-scale integration) ICs increased transistor
counts to hundreds, and then thousands.
3 OPERATION:-
The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardles of the physical form they take, is to
execute a sequence of stored instructions caled a program. The program is represented by a
series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory. There are four steps that
nearly al CPUs use in their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction (which is represented by a number or
sequence of numbers) from program memory. The location in program memory is
determined by a program counter (PC), which stores a number that identifies the curent
positon in the program. After an instruction is fetched, the PC is incremented by the length
of the instruction word in terms of memory units. Often, the instruction to be fetched must be
retrieved from relatively slow memory, causing the CPU to stal while waitng for the
instruction to be returned. This is ue is largely adresed in modern procesors by caches and
pipeline architectures (se below).
PERFORMANCE:-
The performance or sped of a procesor depends on the clock rate and the instructions per clock
(IPC), which together are the factors, for the instructions per second (IPS) that the CPU can perform. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences
with few branches, whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions and ap lications, some
of which take longer to execute than others. The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly
af ects procesor performance, an isue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because of these
problems, various standardized tests such as SPECint have ben developed to at empt to measure the
real efective performance in commonly used ap lications. Procesing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core proces ors, which
esentialy is pluging two or more individual procesors (caled cores in this sense) into one
integrated circuit. Idealy, a dual core procesor would be nearly twice as powerful as a single
core procesor. In practice, however, the performance gain is far les, only about fifty
percent, due to imperfect software algorithms and implementation
ADVANTAGES:-
Portable
Feasible
Ubiquitous
Makes use of Wi-Fi technology
7.2 DISADVANTAGES:-
Curently unclear
Cost
Keyboard concept is not new
Easily misplaced
As the gadget is very costly the consumer canot aford to purchase them. The virtual keyboards are already present in various companies like Lumio and Virtual
Devices Inc.
Conclusion:
The communication devices are becoming smaler and
compact. This is only an example for the start of this new
technology. We can expect more such developments in the
future.
[attachment=68000]
. INTRODUCTION
Five pen pc shortly caled as P-ISM (“Pen-style Personal Networking Gadget Package”), is
nothing but he new discovery, which is under developing stage by NEC Corporation. P-ISM
is a gadget package including five functions: a CPU pen, communication pen with a celular
phone function, virtual keyboard, a very smal projector, and a camera. P-ISM’s are
conected with one another through short-range wireles technology. The whole set is also
conected to the Internet through the celular phone function. This personal gadget in a
minimalist pen style enables the ultimate ubiquitous computing
CPU PEN
The functionality of the CPU is done by one of the pen. It is also known as computing engine.
It consists of dual core procesor embeded in it and it works with WINDOWS operation
system. The central procesing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that caries out the
instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carying out the computer's
functions. The central procesing unit caries out each instruction of the program in sequence,
to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. This
term has ben in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design
and implementation of CPUs have changed dramaticaly since the earliest examples, but heir
fundamental operation remains much the same.
Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, sometimes one-of-a-kind, and
computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular aplication
has largely given way to the development of mas -produced procesors that are made for one
or many purposes. This standardization trend generaly began in the era of discrete transistor
mainframes and mini computers and has rapidly acelerated with the popularization of the
integrated circuit (IC). The IC has alowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and
manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers. Both the miniaturization and
standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life
far beyond the limited aplication of dedicated computing machines. Modern
microprocesors apear in everything from automobiles to cel phones and children's toys.
CONTROL UNIT:-
The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire
computer system to cary out, stored program instructions. The control unit does not execute
program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The control unit
must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory.
CPU, core memory, and external bus interface of a DEC PDP-8/I. made of medium-scale
integrated circuits.
The design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies faciltated building smaler
and more reliable electronic devices. The first such improvement came with the advent of the
transistor. Transistorized CPUs during the 1950s and 1960s no longer had to be built out of
bulky, unreliable, and fragile switching elements like vacum tubes and electrical relays. With this improvement more complex and reliable CPUs were built onto one or several
printed circuit boards containing discrete (individual) components. During this period, a method of manufacturing many transistors in a compact space gained
popularity. The integrated circuit (IC) alowed a large number of transistors to be
manufactured on a single semiconductor-based die, or "chip." At first only very basic non- specialized digital circuits such as NOR gates were miniaturized into ICs. CPUs based upon
these "building block" ICs are generaly refered to as "smal-scale integration" (SI) devices. SI ICs, such as the ones used in the Apolo guidance computer, usualy contained transistor
counts numbering in multiples of ten. To build an entire CPU out of SI ICs required
thousands of individual chips, but stil consumed much les space and power than earlier
discrete transistor designs. As microelectronic technology advanced, an increasing number of
transistors were placed on ICs, thus decreasing the quantiy of individual ICs neded for a
complete CPU. MSI and LSI (medium- and large-scale integration) ICs increased transistor
counts to hundreds, and then thousands.
3 OPERATION:-
The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardles of the physical form they take, is to
execute a sequence of stored instructions caled a program. The program is represented by a
series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory. There are four steps that
nearly al CPUs use in their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction (which is represented by a number or
sequence of numbers) from program memory. The location in program memory is
determined by a program counter (PC), which stores a number that identifies the curent
positon in the program. After an instruction is fetched, the PC is incremented by the length
of the instruction word in terms of memory units. Often, the instruction to be fetched must be
retrieved from relatively slow memory, causing the CPU to stal while waitng for the
instruction to be returned. This is ue is largely adresed in modern procesors by caches and
pipeline architectures (se below).
PERFORMANCE:-
The performance or sped of a procesor depends on the clock rate and the instructions per clock
(IPC), which together are the factors, for the instructions per second (IPS) that the CPU can perform. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences
with few branches, whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions and ap lications, some
of which take longer to execute than others. The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly
af ects procesor performance, an isue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because of these
problems, various standardized tests such as SPECint have ben developed to at empt to measure the
real efective performance in commonly used ap lications. Procesing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core proces ors, which
esentialy is pluging two or more individual procesors (caled cores in this sense) into one
integrated circuit. Idealy, a dual core procesor would be nearly twice as powerful as a single
core procesor. In practice, however, the performance gain is far les, only about fifty
percent, due to imperfect software algorithms and implementation
ADVANTAGES:-
Portable
Feasible
Ubiquitous
Makes use of Wi-Fi technology
7.2 DISADVANTAGES:-
Curently unclear
Cost
Keyboard concept is not new
Easily misplaced
As the gadget is very costly the consumer canot aford to purchase them. The virtual keyboards are already present in various companies like Lumio and Virtual
Devices Inc.
Conclusion:
The communication devices are becoming smaler and
compact. This is only an example for the start of this new
technology. We can expect more such developments in the
future.