18-10-2010, 12:37 PM
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ABSTRACT
Approximately one third of all CO2 emissions due to human activity come from fossil fuels used for generating electricity, with each power plant capable of emitting several million tones of CO2 annually. A variety of other industrial processes also emit large amounts of CO2 from each plant, for example oil refineries, cement works, and iron and steel production. These emissions could be reduced substantially, without major changes to the basic process, by capturing and storing the CO2. Other sources of emissions, such as transport and domestic buildings, cannot be tackled in the same way because of the large number of small sources of CO2.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approach to minimize global warming by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants and storing it instead of releasing it into the atmosphere CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS.
INTRODUCTION
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that occurs naturally in the atmosphere. Human activities are increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere thus contributing to Earth’s global warming. CO2 is emitted when fuel is burnt – be it in large power plants, in car engines, or in heating systems. It can also be emitted by some other industrial processes, for instance when resources are extracted and processed, or when forests are burnt.Currently, 30 Gt per year of CO2 is emitted due to human activities.
One possible option for reducing CO2 is to store it underground. This technique is called Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS).
In Carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon dioxide (CO2) is capured from large point sources (A point source of pollution is a single identifiable localized source of air, water, thermal, noise or light pollution).such as fossil fuel power plants and storing it instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. Although CO2 has been injected into geological formations for various purposes, the long term storage of CO2 is a relatively untried.
CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS.
The section2 presents the general framework for the assessment together with a brief overview of CCS systems. Section 3 then describes the major sources of CO2, a step needed to assess the feasibility of CCS on a global scale. Technological options for CO2 capture are then discussed in Section 4, while Section 5 focuses on methods of CO2 transport. Following this, each of the storage options is addressed on section 6. Section 6.1 focuses on geological storage, Section 6.2 on ocean storage, and Section 6.3 on mineral carbonation of CO2 section 7 discus the risk of CO2 leakage, The overall costs and economic potential of CCS are then discussed in Section 8, followed by the conclusion in Section 9.