11-10-2016, 03:23 PM
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Introduction
The continuously advancing technology of portable electronic devices requires more flexible
batteries to power them. Batteries power a wide range of electronic devices including phones,
laptop computers and medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators. With the
ever increasing demand for efficiency and design, there is a need for ultrathin, safe and flexible
energy storage options. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra- thin energy storage and production
device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose based
paper. A paper battery acts as both a high energy battery and supercapacitor, combining two
components that are separate in traditional electronics.
This combination allows the battery to provide long term, steady power production and bursts of
energy. Through the use of super capacitors, batteries can be made that will deliver renewable
energy from bodily fluids such as blood or sweat. This technology can be greatly utilized by
medical devices. It combines two essential materials, cellulose and carbon nanotubes (CNTs),
that fit the characteristics of spacer and electrode and provide inherent flexibility as well as
porosity to the system. Cellulose, the main constituent of paper and an inexpensive insulating
separator structure with excellent biocompatibility, can be made with adjustable porosity. CNTs,
a structure with extreme flexibility, have already been widely used as electrodes in
electrochemical devices.
By proper integration the output power of paper batteries can be adapted to required level of
voltage–current. This cellulose based spacer is compatible with many possible electrolytes.
Researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the battery’s electrolyte, as well as
naturally occurring electrolytes such as human sweat, blood and urine.
Due to the flexible nature of the cellulose and nanotubes, this power source can be easily
modified or placed in the body or various medical devices. The need for surgery to replace
batteries on internal medical devices would be nonexistent. This is because super capacitor does
not show a loss in power dissipation over time like normal chemical batteries do. Patients with
implanted medical devices will also benefit from the flexibility because previous devices may
cause discomfort for person due to a larger solid power source.
As this technology is adapted it will prove to be extremely useful and could even save not only
cost but lives also.
History of Paper Batteries
The creation of this unique nanocomposite paper drew from a diverse pool of disciplines,
requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage and chemistry. In August 2007, a
research team at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (led by Drs. Robert Linhardt, the Ann and John
H. Broadbent Senior Constellation Professor of Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering at
Rensselaer; Pulickel M. Ajayan, professor of materials science and engineering; and Omkaram
Nalamasu, professor of chemistry with a joint appointment in materials science and engineering)
developed the paper battery.
Senior research specialist Victor Pushparaj, along with postdoctoral research associates
Shaijumon M. Manikoth, Ashavani Kumar and Saravanababu Murugesan, were co-authors and
lead researchers of the project. Other co-authors include research associate Lijie Ci and
Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center Laboratory Manager Robert Vajtai.
What is Battery
Battery or voltaic cell is a combination of many electrochemical Galvanic cells of
identical type to store chemical energy and to deliver higher voltage or higher current than with
single cells.
The battery cells create a voltage difference between the terminals of each cell and hence
to its combination in battery. When an external electrical circuit is connected to the battery, then
the battery drives electrons through the circuit and electrical work is done. Since the invention of
the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power
source for many household and industrial applications, and is now a multi-billion dollar industry.
Definition of Paper battery
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery
acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor , combining two components that are
separate in traditional electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both longterm,
steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the
potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles,
allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss
of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking them
multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volt s of
electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp
APPLICATIONS
With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the paper batteries will find
applications in
the following fields:
In Electronics:
• in laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these devices
can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-weight Paper
Batteries, without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical
hazards related to recharging will be greatly reduced.
• in calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.
• in wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse, keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets
etc.
• in Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB can be used:
one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components )would contain a layer
of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-downtransformers and the
need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
In Medical Sciences:
• in Pacemakers for the heart
• in Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)
• in Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
• in Biosensors, such as Glucose meters,Sugar meters, etc.
In Automobiles and Aircrafts:
• in Hybrid Car batteries
• in Long Air Flights reducing Refueling
• for Light weight guided missiles
• for powering electronic devices in Satellite programs
Use of paper battery
• While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper
battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more
energy efficient.
• A paper battery is a battery engineered to use a paper-thin sheet of cellulose infused with
aligned carbon nanotubes. nanotubes act as electrodes; allowing the storage devices to
conduct electricity.
• Functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor, can provide a long, steady
power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitor's quick
burst of high energy.
• Integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy
efficient.
• Paper battery extreme flexibility; the sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into
numerous shapes with no loss of integrity or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or
a Voltaic pile), to boost total output.
• Can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet.
• The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes
embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost, making them attractive for
portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys .
• Ability to use electrolytes in blood make them potentially useful for medical devices such
as pacemakers & do not contain any toxic materials and can be biodegradable; a major
drawback of chemical cells .
Construction of paper batteries
1.A zinc and manganese dioxide based cathode and anode are fabricated from proprietary
links.
2. Standard silkscreen printing presses are used to print the batteries onto paper and other
substrates.
3. Power Paper batteries are integrated in to production and assembly processes of thin
electronic devices.
4. The paper is infused with aligned carbon nano tubes, which gives the device its black
color.
5. The tiny carbon filaments or nano tubes substitute for the electrode used in
conventional battery.
6. Use an ionic liquid solution as an electrolyte- the two components which conduct
electricity.
7. They use the cellulose or paper as a separator- the third essential component of battery
Working of paper batteries
1. The nano tubes acting as electrodes allow the storage device to conduct electricity.
2. Chemical reaction in battery is occurs between electrolyte and carbon nano tubes.
3. Battery produce electrons through a chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal in
the traditional battery.
4. Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical
reaction to continue. Ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, is used as the battery
electrolyte.
5. The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an “electrolyte-permeated gel
state”, which is about halfway between a solid and a liquid. This helps ions to smooth
move, reducing resistance, allowing the batteries to charge faster.
6. We can stack one sheet on top of another to boost the power output. It’s a single,
integrated device. The components are molecularly attached to each other: the carbon
nano tube print is embedded in the paper and the electrolyte is soaked in to the paper.
Needs and Limitations of paper batteries
Limitations
1. Paper batteries have low strength they an be ‘torn’ easily.
2. The techniques and the set-ups used in the production of Carbon Nano tubes are very
expensive and very less efficient.
3. When inhaled, their interaction with the microphages present in the lungs is similar to that
with asbestor fibers. Hence may be seriouslu hazardous to human health.
Needs
Limited Life Time:
Primary batteries ‘irreversibly’ transform chemical energy to electrical energy. Secondary
batteries can be recharged but they have very short life time, paper batteries overcome both
problems.
Leakage:
In case of leakage the chemicals release may be dangerous but no such toxic chemicals are used
in paper batteries.
Environmental Concerns:
The wide spread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal
pollution e.t.c while paper batteries can be easily decomposes without any harm.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Used as both battery and capacitor.
It is flexible.
It is ultra thin energy storage device.
Long lasting.
Non toxic.
Steady power production.
Shaped for different applications.
High efficiency.
Available in different sizes.
Energy efficient.
It is light weight.
It is more economical.
Can be easily disposed.
Can be recharged.
Generates close to 1.5 Volts of energy.
Disadvantages
Prone to tearing.
Nanotubes made from carbon are expensive due to use of procedures like electrolysis and
laser ablation.
Should not be inhaled, as they can damage lungs
Future Scope
It holds great potential to advance capabilities in portable power design for applications ranging
from bioinstrumentation to consumer electronics and even large power systems served by
conventional batteries.
The paper like qualities of the material make it especially attractive for energy storage in
medically implanted devices (for example, a pacemaker, insulin pump or the implantable radio
chip).
Conclusion
A paper battery is a paper like device formed by the combination of carbon nanotubes and a
conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper which act as a flexible ultra-thin energy storage and
energy production device. In addition to using the aqueous and RTIL (Room Temperature Ionic
liquids) electrolytes, the device operates with a suite of electrolytes based on bodily fluids. It
suggests the possibility of the device being useful as a dry-body implant or for use under special
circumstances.
As a precedent, a urine-activated battery was recently demonstrated for bio-MEMS device
applications. Body sweat, composed of water, Na, Cl and K ions, used as electrolyte (a drop of
sweat placed on the film gets sucked into the porous cellulose) in the RTIL-free nanocomposite
affords good capacitive behavior for the device (specific capacitance of 12 F/g, operating voltage
of 2.4V). Blood (human whole blood in K2 EDTA from Innovative Research, Southfield, MI)
worked even better as an electrolyte, enhancing the capacitive behavior of the supercapacitor,
resulting in a specific capacitance of 18 F/g. As this technology is adapted it will prove to be
extremely useful and could even save not only cost but lives also.
Introduction
The continuously advancing technology of portable electronic devices requires more flexible
batteries to power them. Batteries power a wide range of electronic devices including phones,
laptop computers and medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators. With the
ever increasing demand for efficiency and design, there is a need for ultrathin, safe and flexible
energy storage options. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra- thin energy storage and production
device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose based
paper. A paper battery acts as both a high energy battery and supercapacitor, combining two
components that are separate in traditional electronics.
This combination allows the battery to provide long term, steady power production and bursts of
energy. Through the use of super capacitors, batteries can be made that will deliver renewable
energy from bodily fluids such as blood or sweat. This technology can be greatly utilized by
medical devices. It combines two essential materials, cellulose and carbon nanotubes (CNTs),
that fit the characteristics of spacer and electrode and provide inherent flexibility as well as
porosity to the system. Cellulose, the main constituent of paper and an inexpensive insulating
separator structure with excellent biocompatibility, can be made with adjustable porosity. CNTs,
a structure with extreme flexibility, have already been widely used as electrodes in
electrochemical devices.
By proper integration the output power of paper batteries can be adapted to required level of
voltage–current. This cellulose based spacer is compatible with many possible electrolytes.
Researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the battery’s electrolyte, as well as
naturally occurring electrolytes such as human sweat, blood and urine.
Due to the flexible nature of the cellulose and nanotubes, this power source can be easily
modified or placed in the body or various medical devices. The need for surgery to replace
batteries on internal medical devices would be nonexistent. This is because super capacitor does
not show a loss in power dissipation over time like normal chemical batteries do. Patients with
implanted medical devices will also benefit from the flexibility because previous devices may
cause discomfort for person due to a larger solid power source.
As this technology is adapted it will prove to be extremely useful and could even save not only
cost but lives also.
History of Paper Batteries
The creation of this unique nanocomposite paper drew from a diverse pool of disciplines,
requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage and chemistry. In August 2007, a
research team at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (led by Drs. Robert Linhardt, the Ann and John
H. Broadbent Senior Constellation Professor of Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering at
Rensselaer; Pulickel M. Ajayan, professor of materials science and engineering; and Omkaram
Nalamasu, professor of chemistry with a joint appointment in materials science and engineering)
developed the paper battery.
Senior research specialist Victor Pushparaj, along with postdoctoral research associates
Shaijumon M. Manikoth, Ashavani Kumar and Saravanababu Murugesan, were co-authors and
lead researchers of the project. Other co-authors include research associate Lijie Ci and
Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center Laboratory Manager Robert Vajtai.
What is Battery
Battery or voltaic cell is a combination of many electrochemical Galvanic cells of
identical type to store chemical energy and to deliver higher voltage or higher current than with
single cells.
The battery cells create a voltage difference between the terminals of each cell and hence
to its combination in battery. When an external electrical circuit is connected to the battery, then
the battery drives electrons through the circuit and electrical work is done. Since the invention of
the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power
source for many household and industrial applications, and is now a multi-billion dollar industry.
Definition of Paper battery
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery
acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor , combining two components that are
separate in traditional electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both longterm,
steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the
potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles,
allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss
of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking them
multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volt s of
electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp
APPLICATIONS
With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the paper batteries will find
applications in
the following fields:
In Electronics:
• in laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these devices
can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-weight Paper
Batteries, without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical
hazards related to recharging will be greatly reduced.
• in calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.
• in wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse, keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets
etc.
• in Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB can be used:
one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components )would contain a layer
of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-downtransformers and the
need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
In Medical Sciences:
• in Pacemakers for the heart
• in Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)
• in Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
• in Biosensors, such as Glucose meters,Sugar meters, etc.
In Automobiles and Aircrafts:
• in Hybrid Car batteries
• in Long Air Flights reducing Refueling
• for Light weight guided missiles
• for powering electronic devices in Satellite programs
Use of paper battery
• While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper
battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more
energy efficient.
• A paper battery is a battery engineered to use a paper-thin sheet of cellulose infused with
aligned carbon nanotubes. nanotubes act as electrodes; allowing the storage devices to
conduct electricity.
• Functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor, can provide a long, steady
power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitor's quick
burst of high energy.
• Integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy
efficient.
• Paper battery extreme flexibility; the sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into
numerous shapes with no loss of integrity or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or
a Voltaic pile), to boost total output.
• Can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet.
• The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes
embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost, making them attractive for
portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys .
• Ability to use electrolytes in blood make them potentially useful for medical devices such
as pacemakers & do not contain any toxic materials and can be biodegradable; a major
drawback of chemical cells .
Construction of paper batteries
1.A zinc and manganese dioxide based cathode and anode are fabricated from proprietary
links.
2. Standard silkscreen printing presses are used to print the batteries onto paper and other
substrates.
3. Power Paper batteries are integrated in to production and assembly processes of thin
electronic devices.
4. The paper is infused with aligned carbon nano tubes, which gives the device its black
color.
5. The tiny carbon filaments or nano tubes substitute for the electrode used in
conventional battery.
6. Use an ionic liquid solution as an electrolyte- the two components which conduct
electricity.
7. They use the cellulose or paper as a separator- the third essential component of battery
Working of paper batteries
1. The nano tubes acting as electrodes allow the storage device to conduct electricity.
2. Chemical reaction in battery is occurs between electrolyte and carbon nano tubes.
3. Battery produce electrons through a chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal in
the traditional battery.
4. Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical
reaction to continue. Ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, is used as the battery
electrolyte.
5. The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an “electrolyte-permeated gel
state”, which is about halfway between a solid and a liquid. This helps ions to smooth
move, reducing resistance, allowing the batteries to charge faster.
6. We can stack one sheet on top of another to boost the power output. It’s a single,
integrated device. The components are molecularly attached to each other: the carbon
nano tube print is embedded in the paper and the electrolyte is soaked in to the paper.
Needs and Limitations of paper batteries
Limitations
1. Paper batteries have low strength they an be ‘torn’ easily.
2. The techniques and the set-ups used in the production of Carbon Nano tubes are very
expensive and very less efficient.
3. When inhaled, their interaction with the microphages present in the lungs is similar to that
with asbestor fibers. Hence may be seriouslu hazardous to human health.
Needs
Limited Life Time:
Primary batteries ‘irreversibly’ transform chemical energy to electrical energy. Secondary
batteries can be recharged but they have very short life time, paper batteries overcome both
problems.
Leakage:
In case of leakage the chemicals release may be dangerous but no such toxic chemicals are used
in paper batteries.
Environmental Concerns:
The wide spread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal
pollution e.t.c while paper batteries can be easily decomposes without any harm.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Used as both battery and capacitor.
It is flexible.
It is ultra thin energy storage device.
Long lasting.
Non toxic.
Steady power production.
Shaped for different applications.
High efficiency.
Available in different sizes.
Energy efficient.
It is light weight.
It is more economical.
Can be easily disposed.
Can be recharged.
Generates close to 1.5 Volts of energy.
Disadvantages
Prone to tearing.
Nanotubes made from carbon are expensive due to use of procedures like electrolysis and
laser ablation.
Should not be inhaled, as they can damage lungs
Future Scope
It holds great potential to advance capabilities in portable power design for applications ranging
from bioinstrumentation to consumer electronics and even large power systems served by
conventional batteries.
The paper like qualities of the material make it especially attractive for energy storage in
medically implanted devices (for example, a pacemaker, insulin pump or the implantable radio
chip).
Conclusion
A paper battery is a paper like device formed by the combination of carbon nanotubes and a
conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper which act as a flexible ultra-thin energy storage and
energy production device. In addition to using the aqueous and RTIL (Room Temperature Ionic
liquids) electrolytes, the device operates with a suite of electrolytes based on bodily fluids. It
suggests the possibility of the device being useful as a dry-body implant or for use under special
circumstances.
As a precedent, a urine-activated battery was recently demonstrated for bio-MEMS device
applications. Body sweat, composed of water, Na, Cl and K ions, used as electrolyte (a drop of
sweat placed on the film gets sucked into the porous cellulose) in the RTIL-free nanocomposite
affords good capacitive behavior for the device (specific capacitance of 12 F/g, operating voltage
of 2.4V). Blood (human whole blood in K2 EDTA from Innovative Research, Southfield, MI)
worked even better as an electrolyte, enhancing the capacitive behavior of the supercapacitor,
resulting in a specific capacitance of 18 F/g. As this technology is adapted it will prove to be
extremely useful and could even save not only cost but lives also.