15-10-2016, 11:48 AM
[attachment=73087]
ABSTRACT
This project aims at creating a Courses portal for a campus/organization. This allows registered users of the system to join a course available in the site and access the materials published for the course. People can register themselves as students of a course or Faculty for a course. When a person registers himself as a Faculty, an approval mechanism should be triggered which sends an message to the Administrator for approving the person as a Faculty. There will be an admin approval page where admin can approve the faculty members for the course.
The course home page should contain the title of the course and a brief description. There will be a discussion board for each course where students can interact, an announcement section, which contains the latest announcements, and a course content section which gives the links for the material available for the course. For faculty members there will be an extra link for uploading the course content in a zip file format. The course content should be html pages, which should be uploaded in the zip file format.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This project aims at creating a Course portal for a campus. This allows registered users of the system to join a course available in the site and access the materials published for the course. People can register themselves as students of a course or faculty for a course. When a person registers himself as a Faculty, an approval mechanism should be send through an email to the Administrator for approving the person .The approval mechanism for faculty is based on test. The approval mechanism for students is based on criteria and if selected, they can submit their curriculum fees through credit card mechanism.
It has an announcement section which contains the latest announcements, and also a course content section which gives the links for the material available for the course .The administrator will be maintaining some FAQ’s. For faculty members also will be having a seperate link for uploading the course content. There will be a mechanism to create a test for the course specifying the test title and a set of multiple-choice questions and duration of time for the test. This project also contains leave management mechanism using online approval of leave for faculty.
Due to the implementation for the course portal online, admissions into the selected courses are made with an ease by optimizing the time.
1.2 Motivation
This project aims at creating a Courses portal for a campus/organization. This allows registered users of the system to join a course available in the site and access the materials published for the course. People can register themselves as students of a course or Faculty for a course. When a person registers himself as a Faculty, an approval mechanism should be triggered which sends an email to the Administrator for approving the person as a Faculty. There will be an admin approval page where admin can approve the faculty members for the course.
1.3 Objective
Developing a virtual classroom system to promote a greater count of students to splurge into the field of Education. It integrates the benefits of a physical classroom with the convenience of a ‘no-physical-bar’ virtual learning environment, minus the commuting hazards and expenses. It will usher in the immense flexibility and sophistication in the existing learning platform structures, with the perfect blend of synchronous and asynchronous interaction. It provides a means of collaborative learning for the students.
1.4 Problem Statement:
Online portal course is a website application that provides various courses online, in one of several XML-based formats, finds the new bits, and displays them in reverse-chronological order on a single page. Online portal course is the latest information management website. Portal course is using RSS [Rich Site Summery or Really Simple Syndication] technology. RSS is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works—such as blog entries, newly subject updating, audio and video tutorials—in a standardized format. An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. Online portal course is a useful website for all Students, for finding updated courses for their specified fields. It will bring new dimensions on news searching. It will be very useful for working employees and also for student.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2.1 Introduction
Requirements Analysis is done in order to understand the problem for which the software system is to solve. For example, the problem could be automating an existing manual process, or developing a completely new automated system, or a combination of the two. For large systems which have a large number of features, and that need to perform many different tasks, understanding the requirements of the system is a major task. The emphasis in requirements Analysis is on identifying what is needed from the system and not how the system will achieve its goals. This task is complicated by the fact that there are often at least two parties involved in software development - a client and a developer. The developer usually does not understand the client's problem domain, and the client often does not understand the issues involved in software systems. This causes a communication gap, which has to be adequately bridged during requirements analysis.
In most software projects, the requirement phase ends with a document describing all the requirements. In other words, the goal of the requirement specification phase is to produce the software requirement specification document. The person responsible for the requirement analysis is often called the analyst. There are two major activities in this phase - problem understanding or analysis and requirement specification in problem analysis; the analyst has to understand the problem and its context. Such analysis typically requires a thorough understanding of the existing system, the parts of which must be automated.
Once the problem is analyzed and the essentials understood, the requirements must be specified in the requirement specification document. For requirement specification in the form of document, some specification language has to be selected. The requirements documents must specify all functional and performance requirements, the formats of inputs, outputs and any required standards, and all design constraints that exits due to political, economic environmental, and security reasons. The phase ends with validation of requirements specified in the document. The basic purpose of validation is to make sure that the requirements specified in the document, actually reflect the actual requirements or needs, and that all requirements are specified. Validation is often done through requirement review, in which a group of people including representatives of the client critically review the requirements specification.
2.2 Role of Software Requirement Specification (SRS)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) defines as,
o A condition of capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective;
o A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document.
Note that in software requirements we are dealing with the requirements of the proposed system, that is, the capabilities that system, which is yet to be developed, should have. It is because we are dealing with specifying a system that does not exist in any form that the problem of requirements becomes complicated. Regardless of how the requirements phase proceeds, the Software Requirement Specification (SRS) is a document that completely describes what the proposed software should do without describing how the system will do it? The basic goal of the requirement phase is to produce the Software Requirement Specification (SRS), which describes the complete external behavior of the proposed software.
2.3 Feasibility Study:
The feasibility study is necessary to determine whether the proposed system feasible considering the technical, operational and economical factors. By having a detailed feasible study the maintenance will have a clear-cut view of the proposed system with the benefits and drawbacks. All projects are feasible given unlimited resources and infinite time unfortunately, the development of computer based system or product is more likely plagued by a scarcity of resources and difficult delivery dates. It is both necessary and student to evaluate the feasibility of a project at the earliest possible time. Months or years of effort , thousands or millions of dollars ,and untold professional embarrassment can be averted if an ill-conceived system is recognized early in the definition phase.
Feasibility and risk analysis are related in many ways. If project risk is great the feasibility of producing quality software is reduced. During product engineering however, we concentrate our attention on four primary areas of interest. The project “Inventory Management System” is technically feasibility because of the below mentioned feature. The project was developed in Oracle 8.0 and java with graphical user interface. It provides the high level of reliability, availability and compatibility. Preliminary investigation examines project feasibility; the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization.
The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system.
All systems are feasible if they are given unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation:
1. Operational Feasibility
2. Technical Feasibility
3. Economical Feasibility
2.4.1 Operational Feasibility:
User-friendly:
Customer will use the forms for their various transactions i.e.for adding routes, viewing the routes details. Also the customer wants the reports to view the various transactions based on the constraints. These forms and reports are generated as User-friendly to the client.
Reliability:
The package wills pick-up current transactions online. Regarding the old transaction , user will enter them in to the system.
Security:
The web server and database server should be protected from hacking, virus etc.
Portability:
The application will be developed using standard open source software(Except Oracle) like java , tomcat, web server, Internet Explorer Browser etc. These s/w will work both on windows and linux o/s. Hence Portability problem will not arise.
Availability:
This s/w will be available always.
Maintainability:
The system called the ewheelz uses the 2-tier architecture. The 1st tier is the GUI, which is said to be front ended the 2nd tier is the database , which uses Oracle ,Which is the backend. The frontend can be run on different systems (clients). The database will be running at the server. User access these forms by using the user-ids and the passwords.
2.4.2 Technical Feasibility:
The technical issues usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following:
o Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested?
o Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system?
o Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users?
o Can the system be upgraded if developed?
o Are there technical guarantees’ of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security?
2.4.3 Economical Feasibility:
The computerized system takes care of the present existing systems data flow and procedures completely and should generate all the reports of the manual system besides a host of other management reports.
It should be built as a web based application with separate web server and database server. This is required as the activities are spread through out the organization customer wants a centralized database. Furthered some of the linked transactions takes place in different locations.
2.5 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
2.5.1 Functional Requirements
Functional requirements specify which output file should be produced from the given file they describe the relationship between the input and output of the system, for each functional requirement a detailed description of all data inputs and their source and the range of valid inputs must be specified.
2.5.2 Nonfunctional Requirements
Describe user-visible aspects of the system that are not directly related with the functional behavior of the system. Non-Functional requirements include quantitative constraints, such as response time (i.e. how fast the system reacts to user commands.) or accuracy.
2.6 Hardware and Software Requirements
2.6.1 Hardware Requirements
• Processor : Intel Core 2 Duo or above
• Hard Disk : 40 GB
• RAM : 1 GB or Above
2.6.2 Software Requirements
• Tool : xamp tool
• Front end : PHP
• Back end : SQL
• Data base : php my admin
• Operating system : windows 7
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 PHP:
PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Group.[4] PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive backronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.
PHP code may be embedded into HTML code, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems, web content management system and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web server combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, including images, with the generated web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line interface (CLI) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications.
The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge. The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014, leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard. Since 2014 work has gone on to create a formal PHP specification.
The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything outside its delimiters is not processed by PHP, although non-PHP text is still subject to control structures described in PHP code. The most common delimiters are <?php to open and ?> to close PHP sections. The shortened form <? also exists. This short delimiter makes script files less portable, since support for them can be disabled in the local PHP configuration and it is therefore discouraged. However, there is no recommendation against the use of the echo short tag <?=. Prior to PHP 5.4.0, this short syntax for echo() only works with the short open tag configuration setting enabled, while for PHP 5.4.0 and later it is always available. The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP content, such as JavaScript code or HTML markup.
The first form of delimiters, <?php and ?>, in XHTML and other XML documents, creates correctly formed XML processing instructions. This means that the resulting mixture of PHP code and other markup in the server-side file is itself well-formed XML.
Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol, and a type does not need to be specified in advance. PHP 5 introduced type hinting that allows functions to force their parameters to be objects of a specific class, arrays, interfaces or callback functions. However, before PHP 7.0, type hints could not be used with scalar types such as integer or string.
Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") and here doc strings provide the ability to interpolate a variable's value into the string. PHP treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free-form language, and statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has three types of comment syntax: /* */ marks block and inline comments; // as well as # are used for one-line comments.[97] The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text, e.g., to a web browser.
In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to the C style syntax. if conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in syntax to languages such as C, C++, C#, Java and Perl.
3.2 Data Types:
PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range, either a 64-bit or 32-bit signed integer equivalent to the C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations; this behavior is different from other programming languages. Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal,hexadecimal, and binary notations.
Floating point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific notation. PHP has a nativeBoolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as inPerl and C++.
The null data type represents a variable that has no value; NULL is the only allowed value for this data type.
Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and database resources.
Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP also supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, now doc or here doc syntax.
The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes.
3.3 Functions:
PHP defines a large array of functions in the core language and many are also available in various extensions; these functions are well documented in the online PHP documentation. However, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming conventions and associated inconsistencies, as described under history above.
Custom functions may be defined by the developer, e.g.:
function myAge($birthYear) { // defines a function, this one is named "myAge"
$yearsOld = date('Y') - $birthYear; // calculates the age
return $yearsOld . ' year' . ($yearsOld != 1 ? 's' : ''); // returns the age in a descriptive form
}
echo 'I am currently ' . myAge(1981) . ' old.'; // outputs the text concatenated
// with the return value of myAge()
// As the result of this syntax, myAge() is called.
In 2016, the output of the above sample program is 'I am currently 35 years old.'
In lieu of function pointers, functions in PHP can be referenced by a string containing their name. In this manner, normal PHP functions can be used, for example, as callbacks or within function tables. User-defined functions may be created at any time without being prototyped.
3.4 Objects:
Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP 4. This allowed for PHP to gain further abstraction, making creative tasks easier for programmers using the language. Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance. In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like value types.
The drawback of this method was that code had to make heavy use of PHP's "reference" variables if it wanted to modify an object it was passed rather than creating a copy of it. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value.
PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods, along with abstract classes, final classes, abstract methods, and final methods. It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors and destructors, similar to that of other object-oriented languages such as C++, and a standard exception handling model.
Furthermore, PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for multiple interfaces to be implemented. There are special interfaces that allow objects to interact with the runtime system. Objectsimplementing ArrayAccess can be used with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the foreach language construct. There is novirtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time.[108]
If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone, the Zend engine will check whether a __clone() method has been defined. If not, it will call a default __clone() which will copy the object's properties. If a __clone() method is defined, then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object, so the programmer can start with a by-value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed.
3.5 Implementations:
The original, only complete and most widely used PHP implementation is powered by the Zend Engine and known simply as PHP. To disambiguate it from other implementations, it is sometimes unofficially referred to as "Zend PHP". The Zend Engine compiles PHP source code on-the-fly into an internal format that it can execute, thus it works as an interpreter. It is also the "reference implementation" of PHP, as PHP has no formal specification, and so the semantics of Zend PHP define the semantics of PHP itself. Due to the complex and nuanced semantics of PHP, defined by how Zend works, it is difficult for competing implementations to offer complete compatibility.
PHP's single-request-per-script-execution model, and the fact the Zend Engine is an interpreter, leads to inefficiency; as a result, various products have been developed to help improve PHP performance. In order to speed up execution time and not have to compile the PHP source code every time the web page is accessed, PHP scripts can also be deployed in the PHP engine's internal format by using an opcode cache, which works by caching the compiled form of a PHP script (opcodes) in shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs. An opcode cache, Zend Opcache, is built into PHP since version 5.5. Another example of a widely used opcode cache is the Alternative PHP Cache (APC), which is available as a PECL extension.
While Zend PHP is still the most popular implementation, several other implementations have been developed. Some of these are compilers or support JIT compilation, and hence offer performance benefits over Zend PHP at the expense of lacking full PHP compatibility. Alternative implementations include the following:
HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM) – developed at Facebook and available as open source, it converts PHP code into a high-level bytecode (commonly known as anintermediate language), which is then translated into x86-64 machine code dynamically at runtime by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler, resulting in up to 6× performance improvements.[117]
Parrot – a virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently; Pipp transforms the PHP source code into the Parrot intermediate representation, which is then translated into the Parrot's bytecode and executed by the virtual machine.
Phalanger – compiles PHP into Common Intermediate Language (CIL) bytecode
HipHop – developed at Facebook and available as open source, it transforms the PHP scripts into C++ code and then compiles the resulting code, reducing the server load up to 50%. In early 2013, Facebook deprecated it in favor of HHVM due to multiple reasons, including deployment difficulties and lack of support for the whole PHP language, including the create_function() and eval() constructs.
3.6 Installation and configuration:
There are two primary ways for adding support for PHP to a web server – as a native web server module, or as a CGI executable. PHP has a direct module interface called Server Application Programming Interface (SAPI), which is supported by many web servers including Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft IIS, Netscape (now defunct) and iPlanet. Some other web servers, such as OmniHTTPd, support the Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI), which is a Microsoft's web server module interface. If PHP has no module support for a web server, it can always be used as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) or FastCGI processor; in that case, the web server is configured to use PHP's CGI executable to process all requests to PHP files.[134]
PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) is an alternative FastCGI implementation for PHP, bundled with the official PHP distribution since version 5.3.3. When compared to the older FastCGI implementation, it contains some additional features, mostly useful for heavily loaded web servers.
When using PHP for command-line scripting, a PHP command-line interface (CLI) executable is needed. PHP supports a CLI SAPI as of PHP 4.3.0. The main focus of this SAPI is developing shell applications using PHP. There are quite a few differences between the CLI SAPI and other SAPIs, although they do share many of the same behaviors.
PHP has a direct module interface called SAPI for different web servers in case of PHP 5 and Apache 2.0 on Windows, it is provided in form of a DLL file calledphp5apache2.dll, which is a module that, among other functions, provides an interface between PHP and the web server, implemented in a form that the server understands. This form is what is known as a SAPI.
There are different kinds of SAPIs for various web server extensions. For example, in addition to those listed above, other SAPIs for the PHP language include the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) and command-line interface (CLI).
PHP can also be used for writing desktop graphical user interface (GUI) applications, by using the PHP-GTK extension. PHP-GTK is not included in the official PHP distribution, and as an extension it can be used only with PHP versions 5.1.0 and newer. The most common way of installing PHP-GTK is compiling it from the source code.
When PHP is installed and used in cloud environments, software development kits (SDKs) are provided for using cloud-specific features. For example:
• Amazon Web Services provides the AWS SDK for PHP
• Windows Azure can be used with the Windows Azure SDK for PHP.
Numerous configuration options are supported, affecting both core PHP features and extensions. Configuration file php.ini is searched for in different locations, depending on the way PHP is used. The configuration file is split into various sections, while some of the configuration options can be also set within the web server configuration.
When installing, there would be an option to select whether you want to run Apache and MySQL as services. If you chose it, Apache and MySQL will start at system boot-up which may not need if your computer is tight with memory resources or if you are not doing PHP development frequently. You can change these settings after installation.
ABSTRACT
This project aims at creating a Courses portal for a campus/organization. This allows registered users of the system to join a course available in the site and access the materials published for the course. People can register themselves as students of a course or Faculty for a course. When a person registers himself as a Faculty, an approval mechanism should be triggered which sends an message to the Administrator for approving the person as a Faculty. There will be an admin approval page where admin can approve the faculty members for the course.
The course home page should contain the title of the course and a brief description. There will be a discussion board for each course where students can interact, an announcement section, which contains the latest announcements, and a course content section which gives the links for the material available for the course. For faculty members there will be an extra link for uploading the course content in a zip file format. The course content should be html pages, which should be uploaded in the zip file format.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This project aims at creating a Course portal for a campus. This allows registered users of the system to join a course available in the site and access the materials published for the course. People can register themselves as students of a course or faculty for a course. When a person registers himself as a Faculty, an approval mechanism should be send through an email to the Administrator for approving the person .The approval mechanism for faculty is based on test. The approval mechanism for students is based on criteria and if selected, they can submit their curriculum fees through credit card mechanism.
It has an announcement section which contains the latest announcements, and also a course content section which gives the links for the material available for the course .The administrator will be maintaining some FAQ’s. For faculty members also will be having a seperate link for uploading the course content. There will be a mechanism to create a test for the course specifying the test title and a set of multiple-choice questions and duration of time for the test. This project also contains leave management mechanism using online approval of leave for faculty.
Due to the implementation for the course portal online, admissions into the selected courses are made with an ease by optimizing the time.
1.2 Motivation
This project aims at creating a Courses portal for a campus/organization. This allows registered users of the system to join a course available in the site and access the materials published for the course. People can register themselves as students of a course or Faculty for a course. When a person registers himself as a Faculty, an approval mechanism should be triggered which sends an email to the Administrator for approving the person as a Faculty. There will be an admin approval page where admin can approve the faculty members for the course.
1.3 Objective
Developing a virtual classroom system to promote a greater count of students to splurge into the field of Education. It integrates the benefits of a physical classroom with the convenience of a ‘no-physical-bar’ virtual learning environment, minus the commuting hazards and expenses. It will usher in the immense flexibility and sophistication in the existing learning platform structures, with the perfect blend of synchronous and asynchronous interaction. It provides a means of collaborative learning for the students.
1.4 Problem Statement:
Online portal course is a website application that provides various courses online, in one of several XML-based formats, finds the new bits, and displays them in reverse-chronological order on a single page. Online portal course is the latest information management website. Portal course is using RSS [Rich Site Summery or Really Simple Syndication] technology. RSS is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works—such as blog entries, newly subject updating, audio and video tutorials—in a standardized format. An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. Online portal course is a useful website for all Students, for finding updated courses for their specified fields. It will bring new dimensions on news searching. It will be very useful for working employees and also for student.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2.1 Introduction
Requirements Analysis is done in order to understand the problem for which the software system is to solve. For example, the problem could be automating an existing manual process, or developing a completely new automated system, or a combination of the two. For large systems which have a large number of features, and that need to perform many different tasks, understanding the requirements of the system is a major task. The emphasis in requirements Analysis is on identifying what is needed from the system and not how the system will achieve its goals. This task is complicated by the fact that there are often at least two parties involved in software development - a client and a developer. The developer usually does not understand the client's problem domain, and the client often does not understand the issues involved in software systems. This causes a communication gap, which has to be adequately bridged during requirements analysis.
In most software projects, the requirement phase ends with a document describing all the requirements. In other words, the goal of the requirement specification phase is to produce the software requirement specification document. The person responsible for the requirement analysis is often called the analyst. There are two major activities in this phase - problem understanding or analysis and requirement specification in problem analysis; the analyst has to understand the problem and its context. Such analysis typically requires a thorough understanding of the existing system, the parts of which must be automated.
Once the problem is analyzed and the essentials understood, the requirements must be specified in the requirement specification document. For requirement specification in the form of document, some specification language has to be selected. The requirements documents must specify all functional and performance requirements, the formats of inputs, outputs and any required standards, and all design constraints that exits due to political, economic environmental, and security reasons. The phase ends with validation of requirements specified in the document. The basic purpose of validation is to make sure that the requirements specified in the document, actually reflect the actual requirements or needs, and that all requirements are specified. Validation is often done through requirement review, in which a group of people including representatives of the client critically review the requirements specification.
2.2 Role of Software Requirement Specification (SRS)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) defines as,
o A condition of capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective;
o A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document.
Note that in software requirements we are dealing with the requirements of the proposed system, that is, the capabilities that system, which is yet to be developed, should have. It is because we are dealing with specifying a system that does not exist in any form that the problem of requirements becomes complicated. Regardless of how the requirements phase proceeds, the Software Requirement Specification (SRS) is a document that completely describes what the proposed software should do without describing how the system will do it? The basic goal of the requirement phase is to produce the Software Requirement Specification (SRS), which describes the complete external behavior of the proposed software.
2.3 Feasibility Study:
The feasibility study is necessary to determine whether the proposed system feasible considering the technical, operational and economical factors. By having a detailed feasible study the maintenance will have a clear-cut view of the proposed system with the benefits and drawbacks. All projects are feasible given unlimited resources and infinite time unfortunately, the development of computer based system or product is more likely plagued by a scarcity of resources and difficult delivery dates. It is both necessary and student to evaluate the feasibility of a project at the earliest possible time. Months or years of effort , thousands or millions of dollars ,and untold professional embarrassment can be averted if an ill-conceived system is recognized early in the definition phase.
Feasibility and risk analysis are related in many ways. If project risk is great the feasibility of producing quality software is reduced. During product engineering however, we concentrate our attention on four primary areas of interest. The project “Inventory Management System” is technically feasibility because of the below mentioned feature. The project was developed in Oracle 8.0 and java with graphical user interface. It provides the high level of reliability, availability and compatibility. Preliminary investigation examines project feasibility; the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization.
The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system.
All systems are feasible if they are given unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation:
1. Operational Feasibility
2. Technical Feasibility
3. Economical Feasibility
2.4.1 Operational Feasibility:
User-friendly:
Customer will use the forms for their various transactions i.e.for adding routes, viewing the routes details. Also the customer wants the reports to view the various transactions based on the constraints. These forms and reports are generated as User-friendly to the client.
Reliability:
The package wills pick-up current transactions online. Regarding the old transaction , user will enter them in to the system.
Security:
The web server and database server should be protected from hacking, virus etc.
Portability:
The application will be developed using standard open source software(Except Oracle) like java , tomcat, web server, Internet Explorer Browser etc. These s/w will work both on windows and linux o/s. Hence Portability problem will not arise.
Availability:
This s/w will be available always.
Maintainability:
The system called the ewheelz uses the 2-tier architecture. The 1st tier is the GUI, which is said to be front ended the 2nd tier is the database , which uses Oracle ,Which is the backend. The frontend can be run on different systems (clients). The database will be running at the server. User access these forms by using the user-ids and the passwords.
2.4.2 Technical Feasibility:
The technical issues usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following:
o Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested?
o Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system?
o Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users?
o Can the system be upgraded if developed?
o Are there technical guarantees’ of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security?
2.4.3 Economical Feasibility:
The computerized system takes care of the present existing systems data flow and procedures completely and should generate all the reports of the manual system besides a host of other management reports.
It should be built as a web based application with separate web server and database server. This is required as the activities are spread through out the organization customer wants a centralized database. Furthered some of the linked transactions takes place in different locations.
2.5 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
2.5.1 Functional Requirements
Functional requirements specify which output file should be produced from the given file they describe the relationship between the input and output of the system, for each functional requirement a detailed description of all data inputs and their source and the range of valid inputs must be specified.
2.5.2 Nonfunctional Requirements
Describe user-visible aspects of the system that are not directly related with the functional behavior of the system. Non-Functional requirements include quantitative constraints, such as response time (i.e. how fast the system reacts to user commands.) or accuracy.
2.6 Hardware and Software Requirements
2.6.1 Hardware Requirements
• Processor : Intel Core 2 Duo or above
• Hard Disk : 40 GB
• RAM : 1 GB or Above
2.6.2 Software Requirements
• Tool : xamp tool
• Front end : PHP
• Back end : SQL
• Data base : php my admin
• Operating system : windows 7
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 PHP:
PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Group.[4] PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive backronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.
PHP code may be embedded into HTML code, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems, web content management system and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web server combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, including images, with the generated web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line interface (CLI) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications.
The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge. The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014, leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard. Since 2014 work has gone on to create a formal PHP specification.
The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything outside its delimiters is not processed by PHP, although non-PHP text is still subject to control structures described in PHP code. The most common delimiters are <?php to open and ?> to close PHP sections. The shortened form <? also exists. This short delimiter makes script files less portable, since support for them can be disabled in the local PHP configuration and it is therefore discouraged. However, there is no recommendation against the use of the echo short tag <?=. Prior to PHP 5.4.0, this short syntax for echo() only works with the short open tag configuration setting enabled, while for PHP 5.4.0 and later it is always available. The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP content, such as JavaScript code or HTML markup.
The first form of delimiters, <?php and ?>, in XHTML and other XML documents, creates correctly formed XML processing instructions. This means that the resulting mixture of PHP code and other markup in the server-side file is itself well-formed XML.
Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol, and a type does not need to be specified in advance. PHP 5 introduced type hinting that allows functions to force their parameters to be objects of a specific class, arrays, interfaces or callback functions. However, before PHP 7.0, type hints could not be used with scalar types such as integer or string.
Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") and here doc strings provide the ability to interpolate a variable's value into the string. PHP treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free-form language, and statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has three types of comment syntax: /* */ marks block and inline comments; // as well as # are used for one-line comments.[97] The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text, e.g., to a web browser.
In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to the C style syntax. if conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in syntax to languages such as C, C++, C#, Java and Perl.
3.2 Data Types:
PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range, either a 64-bit or 32-bit signed integer equivalent to the C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations; this behavior is different from other programming languages. Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal,hexadecimal, and binary notations.
Floating point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific notation. PHP has a nativeBoolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as inPerl and C++.
The null data type represents a variable that has no value; NULL is the only allowed value for this data type.
Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and database resources.
Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP also supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, now doc or here doc syntax.
The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes.
3.3 Functions:
PHP defines a large array of functions in the core language and many are also available in various extensions; these functions are well documented in the online PHP documentation. However, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming conventions and associated inconsistencies, as described under history above.
Custom functions may be defined by the developer, e.g.:
function myAge($birthYear) { // defines a function, this one is named "myAge"
$yearsOld = date('Y') - $birthYear; // calculates the age
return $yearsOld . ' year' . ($yearsOld != 1 ? 's' : ''); // returns the age in a descriptive form
}
echo 'I am currently ' . myAge(1981) . ' old.'; // outputs the text concatenated
// with the return value of myAge()
// As the result of this syntax, myAge() is called.
In 2016, the output of the above sample program is 'I am currently 35 years old.'
In lieu of function pointers, functions in PHP can be referenced by a string containing their name. In this manner, normal PHP functions can be used, for example, as callbacks or within function tables. User-defined functions may be created at any time without being prototyped.
3.4 Objects:
Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP 4. This allowed for PHP to gain further abstraction, making creative tasks easier for programmers using the language. Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance. In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like value types.
The drawback of this method was that code had to make heavy use of PHP's "reference" variables if it wanted to modify an object it was passed rather than creating a copy of it. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value.
PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods, along with abstract classes, final classes, abstract methods, and final methods. It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors and destructors, similar to that of other object-oriented languages such as C++, and a standard exception handling model.
Furthermore, PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for multiple interfaces to be implemented. There are special interfaces that allow objects to interact with the runtime system. Objectsimplementing ArrayAccess can be used with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the foreach language construct. There is novirtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time.[108]
If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone, the Zend engine will check whether a __clone() method has been defined. If not, it will call a default __clone() which will copy the object's properties. If a __clone() method is defined, then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object, so the programmer can start with a by-value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed.
3.5 Implementations:
The original, only complete and most widely used PHP implementation is powered by the Zend Engine and known simply as PHP. To disambiguate it from other implementations, it is sometimes unofficially referred to as "Zend PHP". The Zend Engine compiles PHP source code on-the-fly into an internal format that it can execute, thus it works as an interpreter. It is also the "reference implementation" of PHP, as PHP has no formal specification, and so the semantics of Zend PHP define the semantics of PHP itself. Due to the complex and nuanced semantics of PHP, defined by how Zend works, it is difficult for competing implementations to offer complete compatibility.
PHP's single-request-per-script-execution model, and the fact the Zend Engine is an interpreter, leads to inefficiency; as a result, various products have been developed to help improve PHP performance. In order to speed up execution time and not have to compile the PHP source code every time the web page is accessed, PHP scripts can also be deployed in the PHP engine's internal format by using an opcode cache, which works by caching the compiled form of a PHP script (opcodes) in shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs. An opcode cache, Zend Opcache, is built into PHP since version 5.5. Another example of a widely used opcode cache is the Alternative PHP Cache (APC), which is available as a PECL extension.
While Zend PHP is still the most popular implementation, several other implementations have been developed. Some of these are compilers or support JIT compilation, and hence offer performance benefits over Zend PHP at the expense of lacking full PHP compatibility. Alternative implementations include the following:
HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM) – developed at Facebook and available as open source, it converts PHP code into a high-level bytecode (commonly known as anintermediate language), which is then translated into x86-64 machine code dynamically at runtime by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler, resulting in up to 6× performance improvements.[117]
Parrot – a virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently; Pipp transforms the PHP source code into the Parrot intermediate representation, which is then translated into the Parrot's bytecode and executed by the virtual machine.
Phalanger – compiles PHP into Common Intermediate Language (CIL) bytecode
HipHop – developed at Facebook and available as open source, it transforms the PHP scripts into C++ code and then compiles the resulting code, reducing the server load up to 50%. In early 2013, Facebook deprecated it in favor of HHVM due to multiple reasons, including deployment difficulties and lack of support for the whole PHP language, including the create_function() and eval() constructs.
3.6 Installation and configuration:
There are two primary ways for adding support for PHP to a web server – as a native web server module, or as a CGI executable. PHP has a direct module interface called Server Application Programming Interface (SAPI), which is supported by many web servers including Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft IIS, Netscape (now defunct) and iPlanet. Some other web servers, such as OmniHTTPd, support the Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI), which is a Microsoft's web server module interface. If PHP has no module support for a web server, it can always be used as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) or FastCGI processor; in that case, the web server is configured to use PHP's CGI executable to process all requests to PHP files.[134]
PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) is an alternative FastCGI implementation for PHP, bundled with the official PHP distribution since version 5.3.3. When compared to the older FastCGI implementation, it contains some additional features, mostly useful for heavily loaded web servers.
When using PHP for command-line scripting, a PHP command-line interface (CLI) executable is needed. PHP supports a CLI SAPI as of PHP 4.3.0. The main focus of this SAPI is developing shell applications using PHP. There are quite a few differences between the CLI SAPI and other SAPIs, although they do share many of the same behaviors.
PHP has a direct module interface called SAPI for different web servers in case of PHP 5 and Apache 2.0 on Windows, it is provided in form of a DLL file calledphp5apache2.dll, which is a module that, among other functions, provides an interface between PHP and the web server, implemented in a form that the server understands. This form is what is known as a SAPI.
There are different kinds of SAPIs for various web server extensions. For example, in addition to those listed above, other SAPIs for the PHP language include the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) and command-line interface (CLI).
PHP can also be used for writing desktop graphical user interface (GUI) applications, by using the PHP-GTK extension. PHP-GTK is not included in the official PHP distribution, and as an extension it can be used only with PHP versions 5.1.0 and newer. The most common way of installing PHP-GTK is compiling it from the source code.
When PHP is installed and used in cloud environments, software development kits (SDKs) are provided for using cloud-specific features. For example:
• Amazon Web Services provides the AWS SDK for PHP
• Windows Azure can be used with the Windows Azure SDK for PHP.
Numerous configuration options are supported, affecting both core PHP features and extensions. Configuration file php.ini is searched for in different locations, depending on the way PHP is used. The configuration file is split into various sections, while some of the configuration options can be also set within the web server configuration.
When installing, there would be an option to select whether you want to run Apache and MySQL as services. If you chose it, Apache and MySQL will start at system boot-up which may not need if your computer is tight with memory resources or if you are not doing PHP development frequently. You can change these settings after installation.