15-10-2016, 12:42 PM
[attachment=73102]
1. Abstract
In the Last 3 years there has been an exhaustion of IPv4 address so, we are running out of the IPv4 addresses and now we are in the position to adopt the new generation address i.e. IPv6. This paper provides the features, Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 with addressing, Naming and providing evaluation on the performance of the IPv6 address. Finally this paper provides the present and future growth of the IPv6 address.
2. Introduction
IPv6 is the new generation system that provides a much more pool of addresses than the IPv4, as Internet enabled devices are more in use the internet service providers needs to expand their IP addresses. The IPv4 addresses are running out soon, so it requires a contiguous block of addresses for activities out new large networks. The adoption needs a different factor which includes:
1. Obtaining connectivity of IPv6 addresses
2. Upgrading Operating systems
3. Updating Routers, Firewalls
4. Training the People.
IPv6-to-IPv4 ratios for many Internet metrics.
3. Features of IPv6
Address Space:
IPv6 have larger address space than the IPv4, IPv6 uses 4 times more of the bits than IPv4. This provides approx 3.4×1038 different combinations of the address. These addresses can accumulate the future requirement of the address allotment for almost in this world.
Header:
IPv6 address have a simplified header compared to the IPv4, the unnecessary information which was present in the IPv4 has been moved to the end of the IPv6 header. So, IPv6 have only twice as bigger than IPv4.
Connectivity:
After fully implementation of the IPv6 every system now will have a unique IP address and can traverse through the internet without NAT or other translation components but with some limitations.
Auto-Configuration:
Due to the absence of DHCP sever there is a halt on inter segment communication but IPv6 supports both stateful and stateless auto configuration mode which removes this disadvantage.
Mobility:
IPv6 has a feature of mobility where it enables the hosts to roam around different areas and ream connected with the same IP address.
Priority Support:
To provide the Quality of service IPv6 uses 6 bits of differential service code point (DSCP) and 2 bits of explicit congestion notification (ECN).
Extensibility:
IPv6 header has a header which is extensible to add more information in the option part. IPv4 provides only 40-bytes whereas, IPv6 provides as much as the size of the packet.
4. Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4
Routing:
IPv6 have more efficient routing than the IPv4 by reducing the size of the routing tables in a hierarchical manner. IPv6 allows the Internet service providers to aggregate the prefix of customers into single prefix.
Packet Processing:
IPv6 have more efficient packet processing compared to the IPv4 as, it simplifies the packet header. The packet header is simplified as the IPv6 have no IP-level checksum so, it doesn’t need to recalculate the checksum at every router hop. It is possible as most link-layer technologies already contain the checksum and error-control capabilities.
Data Flow:
IPv6 uses multicast data flow rather than the broadcast data flows which allows bandwidth intensive packet flows to be sent to the multiple destinations simultaneously. So, that the disinterested destinations never receive any packets which they are nt interested in. IPv6 have a header name Flow label which identifies this feature.
New Services:
In IPv6 the creation and maintaining the peer-to-peer networks with services such as VoIP and QOS became more robust by eliminating the network Address Translation.
Network Configuration:
In IPv6 the network configuration has been simplifies as an auto-configuration is built in it. Where the router advertisement has the prefix of the local link sent by the router.
Security:
IPv6 have an IPSec implemented into it which provides confidentiality, authentication and data integrity. Whereas, in IPv4 the ICMP packets are usually blocked by the firewalls but by the implementation of IPSec in IPv6 ICMP may be permitted to the ICMPv6 packets.
5. IPv6 Address
IPv6 address is a label which is used to identify the network interface of a computer which is in a network. It provides the routing of IP packets between the hosts. The address field is present in the packet header which indicates the source and destination.
IPv6 addresses have a size of 128 bits, whereas, IPv4 have only 32-bit value for the address field.
IPv6 have three addressing classes:
1. Unicast
2. Anycast
3. Multicast
IPv6 address is represented as a 8 group of 4 hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits. An example of an IPv6 address is
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
6. IPv6 Performance
The Government System Engineering team with joint Interoperability test command recently executed tests in dual stack IPv4 and IPv6 environment.
The main measurements taken from the testing were:
1. Throughput: Maximum no. of frames without the any frame loss.
2. Frame Loss: No. of frames lost at specific rates.
3. Latency: Delay in the traffic through a router.
4. CPU utilization: Percentage of CPU time used.
The results are:
The 7606 platform lost zero frames at 100 percent of 10Gbps line rate (bidirectional) regardless of frame size tested or amount of IPv6 traffic in the test stream.
On the other test platforms, smaller frame sizes showed a degradation of throughput directly proportional to the amount of IPv6 traffic. The severity of the degradation differed between each platform, with the 7200 being the least severe and the 2811 being the most severe. This is expected because of the relative sizing of the centralized CPU on the respective routers.
Increasing the amount of IPv6 in the test stream had little impact on the average latency.
The CPU usage was essentially the same for a dual stack environment as compared to an IPv4 only environment, indicating that dual stack does not impact CPU usage.
7. IPv6 Present and Future
IPv6 is the next generation of the Internet Protocol which is designed in the replacement of the IPv4 as it is in the final stages of exhausting its unallocated address space.
In March 2014, 448 (92.8%) of the 483 top-level areas (TLDs) in the Internet bolstered IPv6 to get to their domine name servers, and 441 (91.3%) zones contained IPv6 paste records, and roughly 5.7 million spaces (3.4%) had IPv6 location records in their zones. Of all systems in the worldwide BGP steering table, 17.4% had IPv6 convention support
Major providers of Internet services, both ISPs and content providers, also began to implement IPv6 access into their products
8. IPv6 Backdrops
1. IPv6 cannot deploy agents to IPv4 clients and manage agents.
2. IPv6 cannot update IPv4 sources.
3. IPv6 cannot connect through a IPv4 proxy server.
4. IPv6 agents cannot be managed by a IPv4 security server.
5. IPv6 security agent cannot connect through an IPv4 proxy server.
9. Conclusion
IPv6 adoption has finally turned the corner. The adoption of the IPv6 address have doubled, this is due to the increased adoption in large part by residential broadband networks in the US and Germany.
As the exhaustion of the IPv4 address there are many parts in the world who have started adoption of the IPv6 addresses.
This paper gave comparisons between the IPv4 addresses and IPV6 address with the tests and evaluation performances of IPv6 over the IPv4 addresses.
Though they are some limitations of IPv6 addresses, the Future generation is IPv6.
So IPv6 is growing fast. But whether it's fast enough to make up for the imminent decline of IPv4 as addresses get scarcer and scarcer is still an open question.
1. Abstract
In the Last 3 years there has been an exhaustion of IPv4 address so, we are running out of the IPv4 addresses and now we are in the position to adopt the new generation address i.e. IPv6. This paper provides the features, Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 with addressing, Naming and providing evaluation on the performance of the IPv6 address. Finally this paper provides the present and future growth of the IPv6 address.
2. Introduction
IPv6 is the new generation system that provides a much more pool of addresses than the IPv4, as Internet enabled devices are more in use the internet service providers needs to expand their IP addresses. The IPv4 addresses are running out soon, so it requires a contiguous block of addresses for activities out new large networks. The adoption needs a different factor which includes:
1. Obtaining connectivity of IPv6 addresses
2. Upgrading Operating systems
3. Updating Routers, Firewalls
4. Training the People.
IPv6-to-IPv4 ratios for many Internet metrics.
3. Features of IPv6
Address Space:
IPv6 have larger address space than the IPv4, IPv6 uses 4 times more of the bits than IPv4. This provides approx 3.4×1038 different combinations of the address. These addresses can accumulate the future requirement of the address allotment for almost in this world.
Header:
IPv6 address have a simplified header compared to the IPv4, the unnecessary information which was present in the IPv4 has been moved to the end of the IPv6 header. So, IPv6 have only twice as bigger than IPv4.
Connectivity:
After fully implementation of the IPv6 every system now will have a unique IP address and can traverse through the internet without NAT or other translation components but with some limitations.
Auto-Configuration:
Due to the absence of DHCP sever there is a halt on inter segment communication but IPv6 supports both stateful and stateless auto configuration mode which removes this disadvantage.
Mobility:
IPv6 has a feature of mobility where it enables the hosts to roam around different areas and ream connected with the same IP address.
Priority Support:
To provide the Quality of service IPv6 uses 6 bits of differential service code point (DSCP) and 2 bits of explicit congestion notification (ECN).
Extensibility:
IPv6 header has a header which is extensible to add more information in the option part. IPv4 provides only 40-bytes whereas, IPv6 provides as much as the size of the packet.
4. Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4
Routing:
IPv6 have more efficient routing than the IPv4 by reducing the size of the routing tables in a hierarchical manner. IPv6 allows the Internet service providers to aggregate the prefix of customers into single prefix.
Packet Processing:
IPv6 have more efficient packet processing compared to the IPv4 as, it simplifies the packet header. The packet header is simplified as the IPv6 have no IP-level checksum so, it doesn’t need to recalculate the checksum at every router hop. It is possible as most link-layer technologies already contain the checksum and error-control capabilities.
Data Flow:
IPv6 uses multicast data flow rather than the broadcast data flows which allows bandwidth intensive packet flows to be sent to the multiple destinations simultaneously. So, that the disinterested destinations never receive any packets which they are nt interested in. IPv6 have a header name Flow label which identifies this feature.
New Services:
In IPv6 the creation and maintaining the peer-to-peer networks with services such as VoIP and QOS became more robust by eliminating the network Address Translation.
Network Configuration:
In IPv6 the network configuration has been simplifies as an auto-configuration is built in it. Where the router advertisement has the prefix of the local link sent by the router.
Security:
IPv6 have an IPSec implemented into it which provides confidentiality, authentication and data integrity. Whereas, in IPv4 the ICMP packets are usually blocked by the firewalls but by the implementation of IPSec in IPv6 ICMP may be permitted to the ICMPv6 packets.
5. IPv6 Address
IPv6 address is a label which is used to identify the network interface of a computer which is in a network. It provides the routing of IP packets between the hosts. The address field is present in the packet header which indicates the source and destination.
IPv6 addresses have a size of 128 bits, whereas, IPv4 have only 32-bit value for the address field.
IPv6 have three addressing classes:
1. Unicast
2. Anycast
3. Multicast
IPv6 address is represented as a 8 group of 4 hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits. An example of an IPv6 address is
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
6. IPv6 Performance
The Government System Engineering team with joint Interoperability test command recently executed tests in dual stack IPv4 and IPv6 environment.
The main measurements taken from the testing were:
1. Throughput: Maximum no. of frames without the any frame loss.
2. Frame Loss: No. of frames lost at specific rates.
3. Latency: Delay in the traffic through a router.
4. CPU utilization: Percentage of CPU time used.
The results are:
The 7606 platform lost zero frames at 100 percent of 10Gbps line rate (bidirectional) regardless of frame size tested or amount of IPv6 traffic in the test stream.
On the other test platforms, smaller frame sizes showed a degradation of throughput directly proportional to the amount of IPv6 traffic. The severity of the degradation differed between each platform, with the 7200 being the least severe and the 2811 being the most severe. This is expected because of the relative sizing of the centralized CPU on the respective routers.
Increasing the amount of IPv6 in the test stream had little impact on the average latency.
The CPU usage was essentially the same for a dual stack environment as compared to an IPv4 only environment, indicating that dual stack does not impact CPU usage.
7. IPv6 Present and Future
IPv6 is the next generation of the Internet Protocol which is designed in the replacement of the IPv4 as it is in the final stages of exhausting its unallocated address space.
In March 2014, 448 (92.8%) of the 483 top-level areas (TLDs) in the Internet bolstered IPv6 to get to their domine name servers, and 441 (91.3%) zones contained IPv6 paste records, and roughly 5.7 million spaces (3.4%) had IPv6 location records in their zones. Of all systems in the worldwide BGP steering table, 17.4% had IPv6 convention support
Major providers of Internet services, both ISPs and content providers, also began to implement IPv6 access into their products
8. IPv6 Backdrops
1. IPv6 cannot deploy agents to IPv4 clients and manage agents.
2. IPv6 cannot update IPv4 sources.
3. IPv6 cannot connect through a IPv4 proxy server.
4. IPv6 agents cannot be managed by a IPv4 security server.
5. IPv6 security agent cannot connect through an IPv4 proxy server.
9. Conclusion
IPv6 adoption has finally turned the corner. The adoption of the IPv6 address have doubled, this is due to the increased adoption in large part by residential broadband networks in the US and Germany.
As the exhaustion of the IPv4 address there are many parts in the world who have started adoption of the IPv6 addresses.
This paper gave comparisons between the IPv4 addresses and IPV6 address with the tests and evaluation performances of IPv6 over the IPv4 addresses.
Though they are some limitations of IPv6 addresses, the Future generation is IPv6.
So IPv6 is growing fast. But whether it's fast enough to make up for the imminent decline of IPv4 as addresses get scarcer and scarcer is still an open question.