03-01-2011, 06:22 PM
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
MINI PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
AJAILAL P
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
2010
MINI PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
AJAILAL P
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
2010
INTRODUCTION
My project Human Resource Database Management System creates software that stores and manages all the data needed to describe the personal and their framework within an organization. It includes definition of various levels of hierarchy in an organization, the salary structure pertaining to every element in this hierarchy, the description of every department functioning in the organization and the overall employ database which integrates elements in all the aforementioned.
It has a database administration that has access to the entire database, in regards with viewing and update of information. The exclusive right is implemented using authorized access. Also viewing all data and editing of personal data can be done by any employee, this also using authorized access. Communication between personnel and administrator has also been provided for.
The data can be accessed, manipulated and retrieved very easily. The interface has been made very user friendly. The data is well protected for use and the data processing ie, result of query functions has been made very quick and efficient.
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OBJECTIVES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
The Human Resource Database Management software is very user friendly and appealing. The Human objective of the system is to maintain and retrieve information about the entire personnel framework of the organizational system. The system is fairly simple in design and implementation.
The main objectives of this system can be summarized as follows:
• Design of a hierarchical framework in terms of positions held thus depicting the organizational hierarchy. Update of the structure of the same, as well as addition of new elements.
• Search for all employees, departments, dependent information etc possible. Also department-wise, level-wise and other parameter based search enabled.
• Communication between employee and administrator.
• Computerized payroll generation, manipulation and management.
• Easy management of databases of various sections covering key aspects.
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
• Very simple and easy to implement
• Security of data
• Ensure data accuracy
• Administrator discretion and control over the entire system.
• Reduces the damages of machine
• Minimizes manual data entry
• Greater efficiency
• User friendly and interactive
• Less time consuming
OVERALL DESCRIPTION
GOALS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM:
• Planned approach toward working: The working in the organization will be well planned and organized. The data will be stored efficiency with optimal disk space consumption in data stores which will help in retrieval of information as well as its storage under resource constraints.
• Accuracy: The level of accuracy in the proposed system will be higher. All operations would conform to integrity constraints and correctness and it will be ensured that whatever information is received at or sent from the centre is accurate.
• Reliability: The reliability of the proposed system will be high due to the above mentioned reasons. This comes from the fact that only the data which conforms accuracy clause would be allowed to commit back to the disk. Other properties like transaction management and rollback during system or power failure etc get automatically taken care of by the SQL systems, which is undoubtedly an excellent choice of the DBMS system. Properties of atomicity, consistency, isolation and data security are intrinsically maintained.
• No redundancy: In the proposed system it will be ensured that no repetition of information occurs; neither on a physical storage nor on a logical implementation level. This economizes on resource utilization in terms of storage space. Also even in case of concurrent access no anomalies occur and consistency is maintained. In addition to all this, principles of normalization have been endeavoured to be followed.
• Immediate retrieval of information: The main objective of the proposed system is to provide a quick and efficient platform for retrieval of information. Among the queries allowed for use by the user, the query results are made available immediately, without time lapse, irrespective of the complexity of the query.
• Ease of operation: The system should be simplistic in design and use. It is such that it can be easily developed within a short period of time and can conform to the financial and resource-related constraints of the organization.
PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
• Operating System: Windows 2000/XP/Vista
• Front End: Java Net Beans
• Rear End: Oracle SQL
• Design Tool: UML
HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
• Processor: x86 compatible processor with 1.7 GHz Clock Speed
• RAM: 512 MB or greater
• Hard Disk: 20 GB or grater
• Monitor: VGA/SVGA
• Keyboard: 104 keys standard
• Mouse: 2/3 button. Optical/Mechanical.
USER CHARACTERISTICS
Every user:
• Should be comfortable with basic working of the computer
• Must have been knowledge of English
• Must carry a login ID and password used for authentication
CONSTRAINTS
• The GUI restricted to English
• Login ID and password used for identification of user/administrator. There is no facility for a guest login.
DEFINITIONS OF PROBLEM
Problems with the conventional system:
• Lack of immediate retrievals: In the conventional system, information is distributed across several files. This might also lead to data redundancy with repetition of the same information in various files. In the event of a complex or nested query, the search has to scan several files, thus making procurement of requested query results very cumbersome.
• Maintenance of Accuracy and Reliability issues: With redundancy comes consistency issues as the update of information in a single record should be echoed in all records containing the same information. Also atomicity issues ie, completion of a transaction in totality or nothing at all; has to be maintained. This is difficult in a multi-file system.
• Lack of prompt update: Updates associated with a record in a file is to be reflected in all records wherein the particular record is present. This concurrent update poses the problem of time lag. Errors in commit operation to some particular files cause the grave issue of data inconsistency.
• Error prone manual calculation: Manual calculations are error prone and relatively immensely time consuming, in spite of which they may result in generation of incorrect information. Verification is another overhead, which can be saved through efficient design and implementation.
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
• Improved manual System: One of the alternative solutions is the improvement of the manual system. Anything, which can be done by using automated methods, can be done manually. But the key question is how to perform a task manually in a sound and optimal manner. Following are some suggestions, which can be useful in manual system.
A more sophisticated register maintenance dedicated to each subsystem can be maintained with centralised control and evolution. Adequate dedicated staff may be maintained so that updates are made at very moment at the same time. Proper provision for proper work should be put into place. This would require considerable extra work force.
• Batch system: An alternative solution can be used of computer based batch system for maintaining the information regarding personal details. A batch system refers to a system in which data is processed in a periodical basis. The batch system is able to achieve most of the goals and sub goals. But a batch system data is processed in sequential basis. Therefore batch system is not suggested.
• Online system: This system (HRDBMS) provides online storage, update and retrieval facility. This system promises very less or no paper work and also provides help to administrate and company personal. In the system everything is stored electronically so constants of paper work are eliminated and multiple files usage is not required. Information can be retrieved very easily without scanning multiple registers this system is been discussed here.
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Depending on the result of initial investigation the survey is now expanded to a more feasibility study. Feasibility study is a test of system proposal according to its workability, impact on the organization, ability to meet needs and effective use of the resources. It focuses on these major questions:
• What are the uses demonstrable needs and how does a candidate system meet them?
• What resources are available for given candidate system?
• What are the likely impacts of the candidate system on the organization?
• Whether it is work to solve the problem?
During feasibility analysis for this project following primary areas of interest are to be considered. Investigation and generating ideas about a new system does this.
STEPS IN FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
• Form a project team and point a project leader.
• Prepare system flow chart.
• Enumerate potential proposed system.
• Define and identify characteristics of proposed system.
• Determine and evaluate performance and cost effective of each proposed system.
• Weight system performance and cost data.
• Select the best proposed system.
• Prepare and report final project directive to management.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
This is a study of resource availability that may affect the ability to achieve an acceptable system. This evaluation determines whether the technology needed for proposed system is available or not. The key questions to be addressed are:
Can the work for the project be done with current equipment existing software technology and available personnel?
Can the system be upgraded if further development occurs and requirements increased?
If new technology is needed then what can be developed.
Technical feasibility is concerned with specifying equipments and software that will successfully satisfy the user requirements. The technical need of the system includes:
FRONT-END AND BACK-END SELECTION:
An important issue for the development of the project is the selection of suitable front-end and back-end. When we decided to develop the project we went thorough and extensive study to determine the most suitable platform that suits the needs of the organization as well as helps in development of the project.
The aspects of our study included the following factors.
Front-end selection:
ADVANTAGES OF JAVA NETBEANS:
• Creates sophisticated windows and application in a short time.
• Provision of inbuilt templates for victual elements like button, frames, label etc
• Use of keyboard and mouse for visual design
• Automatic generation of standard codes
• Access to object oriented techniques supported by java language
Back-end selection:
ADVANTAGES OVER ORACLE SQL:
• Multiple user support.
• Efficient data handling.
• Provide inherent features for security.
• Effective data retrieval and maintenance.
• Stored procedures.
• Popularity.
• Operating system compatibility.
• Easy to install.
• Various drivers must be available.
• Easy to implement with front-end.
According to above started features we selected Oracle SQL as the backend. The technical feasibility is frequently the most difficult area encountered as this stage. It is essential that the process of analysis and definition be conducted in parallel with an assessment to technical feasibility. It centre on the existing computer system and what extent it can support the proposed system.
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
Economic justification is generally the “Bottom Line” consideration for most systems. Economic justification includes a board range of concerns that include cost benefit analysis. In this we weight the cost and the benefits associated with the candidate system and if it suits the basic purpose of the organization i.e. Profit making, the project is making to the analysis and design phase.
• The financial and economic questions during the preliminary investigation are verified to estimate the following:
• The cost to conduct a full system investigation.
• The cost of hardware and software for the class of application being considered.
• The benefits in the form of reduced cost.
• The proposed system will give the minute information, as a result the performance is improved which in turn may be expected to provide increased profits.
• This feasibility checks whether the system can be developed with the available funds. The human resource Database Management System does not require enormous amount of money to be developed. This can be done economically if planned judicially, so it is economically feasible. The cost of project depends upon the number of man hours required.
OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY
• It is mainly related to human organizations and political aspects. The points to be considered are:
• What changes will be brought with system?
• What organization structures are disturbed?
• What new skills will be required? Do the existing staff members have these skills? If not can they be trained in due course of time?
The system is operationally feasible as it very easy for the end users to operate it. It only needs information about the windows platform.
SCHEDULE FEASIBILITY
Time evaluation is the most important consideration in the development of project. The time schedule required for the development of the project is very important of other systems.
A reliable Human Resource Database Management System can be developed in a considerably appropriate amount of time.
OBJECT ORIENTED TECHNIQUES
Object oriented programming is the approach to program organization and development that attempts to eliminate some of the pitfalls of conventional programming methods by incorporating the best of structured programming features with several powerful new concepts.
OOP treats data as a critical element in the programming development and does not allow it too freely around the system. It ties the data more closely to the functions that operate on it and protect it from accidental corruption and modification from outside functions.
OOP allows us to decompose a program into a number of entities known as CLASSES and then builds the data functions around these entities. The data of an object can be accessed only by the functions associated with that object however the functions of one object can access the functioned of other objects.
Some striking features of object-oriented programming are:
• Emphasis is on the data rather than procedure.
• Programs are divided into objects.
• Data structures are designed such that they characterize the object.
• Functions that are supported to work on the data of an object arc tied together in the data structure.
• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
• Object may communicate with each other by public functions.
• New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
• OPP follow bottom up approach in the program design.
OOP is an approach that provide that way of modularizing programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and functions that can be used as templates for crating copies of such modules on demand.
Comparison of structures programming and Object Oriented programming
The sequential high level languages based on the programming concepts give more importance to what to do and lesser importance to the data.
Structural approach stress on the algorithms used to solve the problem. The data is defined as global and made accessible to all the functions in the program without any functions can accidentally corrupt the data. Also any changes to the data require all function that access data to be changed. It has reduced data security and integrity, since the entire data available to all the functions and any function can corrupt any data without impurity.
In OOPs we encapsulate the data and the associated functions together inside a module. Usually the data is kept private. The data cannot be accessed outside the class. The functions are made public and can be accessed from anywhere. The actual data is not directly accessible by the user. The object oriented language s allows localization of data and code and restrict other objects from referring to its local region.
OBJECT ORIENTED APPRAOCH
The basic idea behind object oriented approach is to combine data and functions that are supported to work on these data together inside a module.
Characteristics of Object-Oriented Programming
CLASSS: In OOPs we collect all the data we require. After that we find all the functions that are supported to work on these data. There we put together inside a module called a class. By default the access level of the a number in a class is made private and the member functions in a class made public.
OBJECT: The class is only an idea. The real things that we make from this idea are called objects. The object is an instance of class. It is a runtime entity.
DATA ABSTACTION: Abstraction means hiding the irrelevant features and exposing only the relevant features. All data structures give data abstraction. Data abstraction means data hidden from the user. The user knows only to use the data. In class we obtain higher level of data abstraction.
DATA ENCAPSULATION: the wrapping up of data into a single entity is known as Encapsulation. Data encapsulation is the most striking feature of the class. The data is not accessible to outside world. Only those functions provide the interface between the objects, data and program. This insulation of data from direct access by the program is called data hiding.
POLYMORPHISM: OOPs support the concept of polymorphism that enables a function to have different with the same name. There are two types of polymorphisms
i. Static or Compile-time polymorphism: Static polymorphism refers to a function exiting with different definitions simultaneously in a class. Static polymorphism is implemented using function overloading and operator overloading.
ii. Dynamic or Runtime Polymorphism: A function is said to exhibit dynamic polymorphism when calls to the various definitions of the functions are resolved dynamically at run time. The compiler is able to associate functions a function call with the appropriate function definition in dynamic polymorphism based on the context of the function call, such as the contents of the pointer used to invoke the functions. In virtual functions, a pointer can point a base class member function and the redefined derived member function to perform different operations.
INHERITANCE: Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class require the propertied of another class. It supports the concept of hierarchical classification. Inheritance is an important concept of OOP that enables you to derive a new class from an existing class and also add its own data members and member functions.
CODE REUSABILITY: The concept of inheritance gives rise to another important feature in object oriented languages. This feature is called reusability. Inheritance permits the reusability of classes by enabling derived classes to extend the capabilities of the base class. Derived classes can also be enhanced by adding additional features and capabilities, without modifying the base class.
MESSAGE COMMUNICATION: The different objects in the program are communicating through the functions.
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
PHASE OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Software Engineering deals with various tools, methods and procedures required for controlling the complexity of software development, project management and its maintenance. Object-oriented development emphasizes on using programming languages with certain unique capabilities for real world object modelling. Object model is the conceptual framework for object-oriented development.
The four major elements of this model are Encapsulation, Abstraction, Modularity and Hierarchy.
Software systems pass through two principal phases during their lifecycle.
• The development phase.
• The operation and maintenance.
Software development passes through various phases. They include
Program definition: The first stage in the development process understands the problem in question and its requirements. Requirements include the context in which the problem arouses, functionality expected from the system and system constraints.
Analysis: Analysis phase delivers requirement specification. The system specification serves as an interface between the design and the implementer as well as between the implementer the user.
Design: Design is the process of mapping system requirements defined during analysis to an abstract representation of a specific system implementation. Since the whole system may be complex the main design objective is decomposition. The system is divided into modules and their interactions. The module may be then further decomposed into sub modules and procedures until each module can be implemented easily.
Coding or Implementation: Once the specification and design of the software is over, the choice of the programming language remains as one of the most critical aspect in producing reliable software.
Testing: Testing is the process of evaluating a system or system components on manual or automated means to verify that it satisfies the specified requirements.
OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS
Object oriented analysis a simple yes powerful mechanism for identifying object, the building blocks of software to be developed. It is mainly concerned with decomposition of a problem, into components parts and establishing a local model to describe the system.
Object oriented design is concerned with the mapping of objects in the problem space into objects in the solution space. It creates the overall architectural model and computational model of the system. In object-oriented design, structure of the complete system is build using bottom-up approach whereas class member functions are designed using top down functional decomposition. It is important to construct structured hierarchies, identify abstract base classes and simplify the inter object communication reusability of classes from previous design using principle of inheritance, classification of objects into sub systems providing specialized services and determination of appropriate protocols are some of the consideration of the consideration of the design stage.
Most of the object-oriented methodologies emphasize the following steps:
• Review of the objects created in the analysis phase
• Specification of class dependencies
• Organization of class hierarchies using inheritance principle
• Design of classes
• Design of member functions
DATA TABLES
POSITION
FIELD NAME DATA TYPE
PositonID (peimary key)
NUMBER
PosDesc
VARCHAR2
DEPARTMENT
FIELD NAME DATA TYPE
DeptID (peimary key)
NUMBER
DeptName
VARCHAR2
Location
VARCHAR2
ManagementID
(Foreign key from EMPLOYEE)
NUMBER
QUALIFICATION
FIELD NAME DATA TYPE
QualID (peimary key)
NUMBER
QualDesc
VARCHAR2
EMPLEVEL
FIELD NAME DATA TYPE
LevelNo (peimary key)
NUMBER
Lowsalary
NUMBER
Highsalary
NUMBER
DEPENDENT
FIELD NAME DATA TYPE
EmployeeID
(Foreign key from EMPLOYEE)
NUMBER
DependentID
NUMBER
DEpendentDOB
DATE
Relation
VARCHAR2
Primary Key (DependentID, EmployeeID)
EMPLOYEE
FIELD NAME DATA TYPE
EmployeeId (Primary Key)
NUMBER
Lname
VARCHAR2
Fname
VARCHAR2
PositionID
(Foreign key from POSITON)
NUMBER
QualID
(Foreign key from QUALIFICATION)
NUMBER
DeptID
(Foreign key from DEPARTMENT)
NUMBER
Supervisor
(Foreign key from EMPLOYEE)
NUMBER
Salary
NUMBER
Commission
NUMBER
HireDate
DATE
BirthDate
DATE
ER DAIGRAM
SCREEN SHOTS
MAIN MENU
INSERTION
DELETION
UPDATION
CONCLUSION
An application has been developed using oracle development and java database programming connectivity via oracle driver so as to meet the requirements of an organization, thereby ensuring quality performance.
The data can be accessed, manipulated and retrieved very easily. To conclude this software has proved to be a user friendly interface.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ORACLE DATABASE 10g PL/SQL 101- CHRISTOPHER ALLEN(Oracle press)
2. PROFESSIONAL ORACLE PROGRAMMING- RISK GREENWALD, ROBERT STACKOWIAK, GRAY DODGE, DAVID KLEIN, BEN SHAPIRO, CHISTOPHER G CHELLIAH(Wiley publishers)
3. Pro ORACLE JDBC PROGRAMMING- R.M MENON(apress publishers)
4. JAVA DATA BASE PROGRAMMING- BRAIN JPSON(Wiley publishers)
5. OBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT – ALI BAHRAMI
6. THE COMPLETE REFERENCE JAVA2 – HERBERT SCHILDT(Tata McGraw-Hill)
7. DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS – ABRAHAM SILBERSCHATZ, HENRY. F.KORTH, S.SUDARSAN
8. http://www.Google.com
9. www.howstuffworks.com