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Presented by:
David Toub

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A Review of Photovoltaic Cells
Introduction
• Clean Energy
• PV System
– Cells
– Energy storage
– Charge Controller
– AC/DC converter
Functionality
• pn diode
• No illumination
– Diode behavior
– e, h separated
• Illumination
– Incident photons create e-h pairs
– E fieldàe-h pairs separate
Semiconductor
• Absolute 0 à Perfect insulator
• Temp increases à conduction increases
• External energy raises temperature
• VTC
• Performance Limits
• Pm = Vmax x Imax
• Incorporate load
Energy Conversion Efficiency
• η =Pm/(E x Ac)
• Primary Challenge
• Incident photons
– Ep<Ebg à Elost
– Ep>Ebg à Ee- + Elost
– Ep=Ebg à Ee-
• Silicon tradeoff
– High bg à loss
– Low bg à E, V reduced
– Optimal at bg=1.4eV
Loss Tradeoffs
• Cell Top
– Must be transparent
– Too thin à bad conduction
• Cell Interior grid
– Large grid helps e-’s
– Large grid blocks photons
Auxiliary Design
• Heavy modules
– structural stress
– Wind tension
• Pollution
• Fan Example
– Speed
– Acceleration
– Without illumination
• E/V àAh
Applications
• Electric grid extensions not offered
• Clean
• Solar powered house
• Water pumping systems
• Garden lights
• Automobiles
• Source utility grid
• Satellites, shuttles
Research
• Thin Film
– Cheap
– Increased unit loss
– Multilayer àEfficiency
• Nanocrystalline
– Thin film + mesoporous MO
– Increased internal reflection
– Great efficiency à expensive
Conclusions
• Environmentally benign
• Inefficient à uncommon à Still fuel
• Future à Efficiency increasing àCheaper

photovoltaic cell

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ABSTRACT

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device which generates electricity directly from visible light.
Solar energy is a renewable form of energy that is produced by solar arrays. Solar arrays are built from a group of solar panels, and the panels are basically boxes that hold arrays of solar cells. However, their efficiency is fairly low. So, the solar cell costs expensive according to other energy resources products. Several factors affect solar cell efficiency. This paper presents the most important factors that affecting efficiency of solar cells. These effects are cell temperature, MPPT (maximum power point tracking) and energy conversion efficiency. The changing of these factors improves solar cell efficiency for more reliable applications.

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