18-06-2011, 10:05 AM
Presented by:
Aiman Mursalin
Fazeela Hayat Ahmed
Syeda Samia Bukhari
Solat Jabeen Sheikh
Zil e Huma Jawed
[attachment=14050]
HISTORY OF MODERN COMPUTER
AGES OF COMPUTER
FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
AGES OF COMPUTER
1642 BLAISE PASCAL’S PASCALINE
1671 LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR
3000 BC THE ABACUS
1623 WILHELM’S MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
1804 JACQUARD’S PUNCH CARD LOOM
1820 CHARLES XAVIER’S AIRTHMOMETER
AGES OF COMPUTER
1822 CHARLES BABBAGE’S the
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
1872 UNIVERSAL KEYBOARD
1936 Atanasoff–Berry Computer(ABC)
1937 ALAN TURING’S TURING MACHINE
1941 Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer(ENIAC)
AGES OF COMPUTER
1943 COLOSSUS
1944 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC )
1947 THE TRANSISTOR
1948 SMALL SCALE EXPERIMENTAL MACHINE
AGES OF COMPUTER
1951 UNIVAC
1952 IBM CORD developed Electron Computer
1953 First Intermediate sized computer
1973 INTERNET and Transmission
Control Protocols(TCP)
1981 IBM introduced first MICRO COMPUTER
AGES OF COMPUTER
1982 EPSON
1984 MEMO COMPUTER
1987 IBM introduced Video Graphics Array(VGA)
1988 DESKTOP COMPUTER
1990 POWERPOINT first appeared
in MICROSOFT WORD
2005 LAPTOP COMPUTERS
FIRST GENERATION (1945 – 1956)
Main processing device : VACUUM TUBES
Inviter : LEE DE FOREST
KEY FEATURES:
Characterized by the use of VACUUM TUBES.
First generation computers relied on MACHINE LANGUAGE.
Input was based on PUNCHED CARDS and paper tape, and output was displayed on PRINTOUTS.
FIRST GENERATION
ENIAC
Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly for the
U.S. Army to calculate ballistic tables.
ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes and 7000 resistors
ENIAC consumed almost 200 KW of power.
ENIAC did not run from a stored program, but was programmed using patch cords.
ENIAC was completed in 1946, and was operated until 1955..
UNIVAC I
It was designed by Remington rand.
The UNIVAC was the first computer designed for commercial sale.
The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed 29,000 pounds,
and consumed 125 kilowatts of electrical power.
It could perform 90,000 transactions per month
UNIVAC handled both numbers and alphabets characters equally well
FIRST GENERATION
ADVANTAGES
Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days.
Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers.
These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They could perform computations in milliseconds.
DISADVANTAGES
Too bulky in size.
Unreliable.
Thousands of vacuum tubes that were used emitted large amount of heat and burnt out frequently
Air conditioning required.
Constant maintenance required.
Not portable.
Commercial production was difficult and costly.
THE SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-1964)
Main Processing Device: TRANSISTORS
Storage Media: MAGNETIC DISK
KEY FEATURES:
Second generation computers employed a new technological innovation:
THE TRANSISTOR
Transistors had numerous advantages over vacuum tubes: they were smaller, cheaper, and gave off less heat
Second generation computers used magnetic cores as their primary memory
Programming Languages:
Assembly Language
COBOL(1959)
FORTRAN(1957)
These computers gave users a significant increase in available memory (about 20x)
Calculation speeds also increased
First operating system developed
SECOND GENERATION
IBM 7030(aka Stretch)
The first transistorized supercomputer
IBM system 360
It consisted of 6 processors and 40
peripheral units.
SECOND GENERATION
ADVANTAGES:
Smaller in size.
More reliable.
Less heat generated.
Reduced computational time from milliseconds to microseconds.
Less prone to hardware failures.
Wider commercial use.
DISADVANTAGES :
1.Air conditioning required.
2.Frequent maintenance required.
THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1964-1971)
Main Processing Device: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(ICs)
Initiated by: JACK KILBY and ROBERT NOYCE
Data Storage: MICROCHIPS
KEY FEATURES:
Integrated Circuits replaced transistors
Semiconductor memories:
(ROMs)
(RAMs)
Introduction of Microprogramming
A variety of techniques:
Parallel Processing
Multiprocessing
OS allowed the machines to run many applications
THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
CDC 7600
IBM 360/91
THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
ADVANTAGES:
Smaller in size
Even more reliable
Lower heat generated than second generation computers
Reduced computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds
Maintenance cost is low
Less power requirement than previous generation computers
Commercial production was easier and cheaper.
DISADVANTAGES:
Air-conditioning required in many cases.
Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of IC chips.
FOURTH GENERATION (1971– present)
Main processing device : ICs with VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration)
Storage media : Floppies, CDs.
Inviter : Ted Hoff
KEY FEATURES:
Marcian Hoff invented the microprocessor.
The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971.
Apple, a personal computer company founded in 1976 by Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
1971, Pascal (programming language).
Development of GUI’s, the mouse handheld devices.
FOURTH GENERATION
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
FOURTH GENERATION
ADVANTAGES
Smallest in size because of high component density.
Very reliable.
Heat generated is negligible.
No air conditioning required in most cases.
Much faster in computation than previous generations.
Easily portable because of their small size.
Cheapest among all generations.
DISADVANTAGE
Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of LSI chips
FIFTH GENERATION
Period : PRESENT AND BEYOND
Main processing device : ICS WITH PARALLEL PROCESSING
Artificial Intelligence:
Game playing
Expert Systems
Natural language
Neural networks
Robotics
KEY FEATURES:
Used in parallel processing
Used superconductors
Used in speech recognition
Used in intelligent robots
Used in artificial intelligence
FIFTH GENERATION
CHARACTERISTICS
They will use super large scale integrated chips.
They will have artificial intelligence.
They will be able to recognize image and graphs
They aim to be able to solve highly complex problem including
decision making, logical reasoning.
They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed.
Fifth generation computers are intended to work with natural language.
Aiman Mursalin
Fazeela Hayat Ahmed
Syeda Samia Bukhari
Solat Jabeen Sheikh
Zil e Huma Jawed
[attachment=14050]
HISTORY OF MODERN COMPUTER
AGES OF COMPUTER
FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
AGES OF COMPUTER
1642 BLAISE PASCAL’S PASCALINE
1671 LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR
3000 BC THE ABACUS
1623 WILHELM’S MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
1804 JACQUARD’S PUNCH CARD LOOM
1820 CHARLES XAVIER’S AIRTHMOMETER
AGES OF COMPUTER
1822 CHARLES BABBAGE’S the
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
1872 UNIVERSAL KEYBOARD
1936 Atanasoff–Berry Computer(ABC)
1937 ALAN TURING’S TURING MACHINE
1941 Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer(ENIAC)
AGES OF COMPUTER
1943 COLOSSUS
1944 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC )
1947 THE TRANSISTOR
1948 SMALL SCALE EXPERIMENTAL MACHINE
AGES OF COMPUTER
1951 UNIVAC
1952 IBM CORD developed Electron Computer
1953 First Intermediate sized computer
1973 INTERNET and Transmission
Control Protocols(TCP)
1981 IBM introduced first MICRO COMPUTER
AGES OF COMPUTER
1982 EPSON
1984 MEMO COMPUTER
1987 IBM introduced Video Graphics Array(VGA)
1988 DESKTOP COMPUTER
1990 POWERPOINT first appeared
in MICROSOFT WORD
2005 LAPTOP COMPUTERS
FIRST GENERATION (1945 – 1956)
Main processing device : VACUUM TUBES
Inviter : LEE DE FOREST
KEY FEATURES:
Characterized by the use of VACUUM TUBES.
First generation computers relied on MACHINE LANGUAGE.
Input was based on PUNCHED CARDS and paper tape, and output was displayed on PRINTOUTS.
FIRST GENERATION
ENIAC
Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly for the
U.S. Army to calculate ballistic tables.
ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes and 7000 resistors
ENIAC consumed almost 200 KW of power.
ENIAC did not run from a stored program, but was programmed using patch cords.
ENIAC was completed in 1946, and was operated until 1955..
UNIVAC I
It was designed by Remington rand.
The UNIVAC was the first computer designed for commercial sale.
The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed 29,000 pounds,
and consumed 125 kilowatts of electrical power.
It could perform 90,000 transactions per month
UNIVAC handled both numbers and alphabets characters equally well
FIRST GENERATION
ADVANTAGES
Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days.
Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers.
These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They could perform computations in milliseconds.
DISADVANTAGES
Too bulky in size.
Unreliable.
Thousands of vacuum tubes that were used emitted large amount of heat and burnt out frequently
Air conditioning required.
Constant maintenance required.
Not portable.
Commercial production was difficult and costly.
THE SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-1964)
Main Processing Device: TRANSISTORS
Storage Media: MAGNETIC DISK
KEY FEATURES:
Second generation computers employed a new technological innovation:
THE TRANSISTOR
Transistors had numerous advantages over vacuum tubes: they were smaller, cheaper, and gave off less heat
Second generation computers used magnetic cores as their primary memory
Programming Languages:
Assembly Language
COBOL(1959)
FORTRAN(1957)
These computers gave users a significant increase in available memory (about 20x)
Calculation speeds also increased
First operating system developed
SECOND GENERATION
IBM 7030(aka Stretch)
The first transistorized supercomputer
IBM system 360
It consisted of 6 processors and 40
peripheral units.
SECOND GENERATION
ADVANTAGES:
Smaller in size.
More reliable.
Less heat generated.
Reduced computational time from milliseconds to microseconds.
Less prone to hardware failures.
Wider commercial use.
DISADVANTAGES :
1.Air conditioning required.
2.Frequent maintenance required.
THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1964-1971)
Main Processing Device: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(ICs)
Initiated by: JACK KILBY and ROBERT NOYCE
Data Storage: MICROCHIPS
KEY FEATURES:
Integrated Circuits replaced transistors
Semiconductor memories:
(ROMs)
(RAMs)
Introduction of Microprogramming
A variety of techniques:
Parallel Processing
Multiprocessing
OS allowed the machines to run many applications
THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
CDC 7600
IBM 360/91
THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
ADVANTAGES:
Smaller in size
Even more reliable
Lower heat generated than second generation computers
Reduced computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds
Maintenance cost is low
Less power requirement than previous generation computers
Commercial production was easier and cheaper.
DISADVANTAGES:
Air-conditioning required in many cases.
Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of IC chips.
FOURTH GENERATION (1971– present)
Main processing device : ICs with VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration)
Storage media : Floppies, CDs.
Inviter : Ted Hoff
KEY FEATURES:
Marcian Hoff invented the microprocessor.
The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971.
Apple, a personal computer company founded in 1976 by Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
1971, Pascal (programming language).
Development of GUI’s, the mouse handheld devices.
FOURTH GENERATION
Microprocessor
Intel 4004
FOURTH GENERATION
ADVANTAGES
Smallest in size because of high component density.
Very reliable.
Heat generated is negligible.
No air conditioning required in most cases.
Much faster in computation than previous generations.
Easily portable because of their small size.
Cheapest among all generations.
DISADVANTAGE
Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of LSI chips
FIFTH GENERATION
Period : PRESENT AND BEYOND
Main processing device : ICS WITH PARALLEL PROCESSING
Artificial Intelligence:
Game playing
Expert Systems
Natural language
Neural networks
Robotics
KEY FEATURES:
Used in parallel processing
Used superconductors
Used in speech recognition
Used in intelligent robots
Used in artificial intelligence
FIFTH GENERATION
CHARACTERISTICS
They will use super large scale integrated chips.
They will have artificial intelligence.
They will be able to recognize image and graphs
They aim to be able to solve highly complex problem including
decision making, logical reasoning.
They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed.
Fifth generation computers are intended to work with natural language.