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BLU RAY DISC seminar
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INTRODUCTION


In 1997, a new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes all over the world. It was called DVD, and it revolutionized the movie industry.

In 2006, another technology emerged, that has created a revolution in the field of optical discs and that is called Blu-ray Discs (BD). With their high storage capacity, Blu-ray discs can hold and play back large quantities of high-definition video and audio, as well as photos, data and other digital content.

High-definition video

high-definition (HD) video generally refers to any video system of higher resolution than standard-definition (SD) video, most commonly at display resolutions of 1280×720 or 1920×1080,

WHO DEVELOPED BLU RAY?

The Blu-ray Disc format was jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, with more than 180 member companies from all over the world.

Why the name Blu-ray?

The name Blu-ray Disc is derived from the blue-violet laser used to read and write this type of disc. The name is a combination of "Blue" (blue-violet laser) and "Ray" (optical ray).
Because of its shorter wavelength (405 nm), substantially more data can be stored on a Blu-ray Disc than on the DVD format, which uses a red (650 nm) laser. A Blu-ray Disc can store 50 GB, almost six times the capacity of a DVD

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BLU RAY DISC

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What is Blu-Ray Disk?


It is an optical disc storage media format.
Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage.
The disc has the same dimensions as a standard DVD or CD.
Uses a 405nm blue laser to read/write data.
Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association.

Blu-Ray Disk Capabilities

HD video recording.
More recording time for standard video.
High storage capacity:
25GB (single layer)
50GB (double layer)


Conclusion


Big advancement in the disk storage technology.
Overthrew the HD-DVD technology.
Possible setback: high price disc+writer

BLU-RAY DISC

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ABSTRACT

Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical disc storage medium. Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage. The disc has the same physical dimensions as standard DVDs and CDs.
The name Blu-ray Disc is derived from the blue laser (violet-colored) used to read and write this type of disc. Because of the wavelength (405 nanometers), substantially more data can be stored on a Blu-ray Disc than on the DVD format, which uses a red (650 nm) laser. A two-layer Blu-ray Disc can store 50 gigabytes, almost six times the capacity of a two-layer DVD, or ten and a half times that of a single-layer DVD.
As compared to the HDVD format, its main competitor, Blu-ray has more information capacity per layer, 25 instead of 15 gigabytes. Blu-ray dics not only have more storage capacity than traditional DVDs, but they also offer a new level of interactivity. Users will be able to connect to the internet and instantly download subtitles and other interactive movie features.
There are plans for BD-ROM (read only), BD (recordable) and BD-RE (rewritable) drives for PCS and with the support of the manufacturers, it’s very likely that the technology will be adopted as the next-generation optical disc format for PC data storage and replace technologies such as DVD+-R, DVD+-RW, and DVD+-RAM.
Blu-ray Disc (BD) is the next generation optical disc format, currently being standardized by a large consortium of leading CE, PC, authoring companies and major movie studios. The BD application format addresses the limitations of DVD-Video by providing a complete user experience. The high storage capacity guarantees the best quality HD video available to the consumer. BD standardizes how content publishers can include executable applications on the disc to realize fully enhanced interactivity.
By using a programming platform like Java, the standard need not define the allowable set of features, instead it defines the playback platform and disc publishers are free to implement any features they desire. Furthermore, BD supports seamless integration of Internet content with disc content, allowing synchronized presentation of updated content from the Internet with disc content. With this combination of features, highest quality HD video, enhanced interactivity and Internet connectivity, BD offers consumers a compelling experience.

INTRODUCTION

Blu-ray is a name for a optical disc standard which uses blue-violet laser instead of red laser used in CDs and in DVDs. This allows manufacturers to store more data using the same amount of disc surface.

In fact, Blu-ray got its name from the technology, basically the "Blu" is from blue-violet diode and the "ray" is from optical ray. The "e" was intentionally dropped so that the full term "Blu-ray" could be registered as a new trademark.
A current, single-sided, standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB (gigabytes) of Information. That's about the size of an average two-hour, standard-definition movie with a few extra features. But a high-definition movie, which has a much clearer image (see how Digital Television Works), takes up about five times more bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five times more storage. As TV sets and movie studios make the move to high definition consumers are going to need playback systems with a lot more storage capacity.
Blu-ray is the next-generation digital video disc. It can record, store and play back high definition video and digital audio, as well as computer data.
Videos will be stored on either MPEG-2 (enhanced for new HD), MPEG-4/AVC (High Profile standard) or on the best of all three, VC-1 (HD standard based on Microsoft's Windows Media Video (WMV) technology.)

One Blu-Ray disc will hold approximately. 25GB of data (it is compared to 4.36GB on regular DVD) on one side/layer of the disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc.
BD support many types of audio codecs as well with up to 8 channels of uncompressed audio.
The codecs supported are: Linear PCM (LPCM), Dolby Digital (DD), Dolby Digital Plus (DD+), Dolby TrueHD, DTS Digital Surround, DTS-HD High Resolution Audio and DTS-HD Master Audio.



WORKING OF BLU-RAY

Discs store digitally encoded video and audio information in pits spiral grooves that run from the center of the disc to its edges. A laser reads the other side of these pits the bumps to play the movie or program that is stored on the DVD. The more data that is contained on a disc, the smaller and more closely packed the pits must be. The smaller the pita (and therefore the bumps), the more precise the reading laser must be.
Unlike current DVD’s, which use a red laser to read and write data, Blu-ray uses a blue laser (which is where the format gets its name). A blue laser has a shorter wavelength (405 nanometers) than a red laser (650 nano meters).



READING OF DATA
The Blu-ray disc overcomes DVD-reading issues by placing the data on top of a 1.1-mm-thick polycarbonate layer. Having the data on top prevents birefringence and therefore prevents readability problems. And, with the recording layer sitting closer to the objective lens of the reading mechanism, the problem of disc tilt is virtually eliminated. Because the data is closer to the surface, a hard coating is placed on the outside of the disc to protect it from scratches and fingerprints.
The design of the Blu-ray discs saves on manufacturing costs. Traditional DVDs are built by injection molding the two 0.6-mm discs between which the recording layer is sandwiched. The process must be done very carefully to prevent birefringence.

Blu-Ray DISC



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ABSTRACT:
The thrust for an advanced format of data storage on optical disc led to revolutionary introduction of BLU-RAY DISC. This advances in the race against its competitors DVD (Digital Video Disc) & AOD (Advanced Optical Disc) in that it has high storage capacity, advanced security and privacy features and the A/V high quality O/P (generally video) of the media files stored on it make’s it quite unique & gives an edge over the others, letting BD to be widely adaptable in every application possible.
Surprisingly, the necessity for a next generation disc had begun in 1994 even before the advent of the DVD in the market in 1996. The then scientists predicted the limitations of the DVD format & begun working on BD even before DVD's release.
This paper essentially is confined with the structure, construction, reading issues & advantages of the Blu-Ray Disc. To be effective, at every stage the disc is compared with DVD.

INTRODUCTION:

The founding stones for the Blu Ray Disc technology were laid in 2002 by the Blu Ray Disc Association (BDA) in an attempt to overcome the drawbacks in DVD's. This attempt has almost reached the zenith & the world now is shortly about to use a disc of an incredible storage capacity & with almost all the apex features incorporated, that ensures user security and privacy and enables one to operate the disc in the most efficient and convenient way ever imagined.

WHY BD?

Early in 1997, a new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes all over the world almost thrashing out the then conventional CD's. It was called DVD, and it revolutionized the movie industry. This format ruled the market for over a span of 5 years, but now is facing some very tight challenges. Here are some reasons why there’s been a rush to change from the current format of DVD:

SIZE :

A single-sided, standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB (gigabytes) of information. That's about the size of an average two-hour, standard-definition movie with a few extra features. But a high-definition movie, which has a much clearer image, takes up about five times more bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five times more storage. As TV sets and movie studios make the move to high definition, consumers are going to need playback systems with a lot more storage capacity, which a DVD cannot support. Also, more space on a single disc invariably results in higher disc size. This bulky size of the disc is neither convincing nor convenient.

SECURITY :

CSS is toast, thanks to some smart programmers in Europe and some foolish programmers at the now-defunct Xing Technologies. The group that created the DeCSS software figured out how to break the encryption by reverse engineering Xing's DVD decryption key, which wasn't properly protected. The end result is that DVDs can be copied as easily as music CDs. The market hates the fact that the DVD format is now vulnerable and there's nothing they can do about it, and are eager for a new format that is much more secure.

QUALITY :

The final reason for the change is video quality. DVD video is presented in 480p, or 480 lines per screen, progressive scanned video. High Definition TV (HDTV) is presented in 720p or 1080i. You won't notice any difference without a high definition television, but if you do have an HDTV set, the improvement in quality is very noticeable. The quality of the video o/p of the media files on a DVD or a CD is not up to the mark.

SOLUTION :

The industry is set for yet another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs (BD). With their high storage capacity, Blu-ray discs can hold and playback large quantities of high-definition video and audio, as well as photos, data and other digital content. Also incorporated are some advanced security and privacy options and convenient accessibility features.
A single sided blu ray disc has the capacity to store information of about 27 gigabytes, that’s about the size of 13 hr standard definition movie or more than 2.5 hrs of a high definition movie. While the double layered one can store to about 54 gigabytes. This enormous storage capability is considered to be the major plus point of the blu ray disc to that of the conventional DVD’s in the market right now.

STRUCTURE:

The structure of the Blu-Ray disc is shown as below. It differs from the traditional DVD that, in a DVD the data is sandwiched between two 0.6mm polycarbonate layers. While in the case of a BD the data layer is placed on a 1.1mm polycarbonate layer. To prevent the data on the top of the disc from getting erased, the data layer is covered by a 0.1 mm protection layer. This makes the size of all the CD's DVD's & the BD's constant. This packing of the data has many advantages which will be discussed in the later sections.

STORAGE:

It should be noticed that whatever form of the disc may be under consideration the data on the disc is stored on a SPIRAL TRACK running from the centre of the disc to the end of the diameter of the disc. This spiral starting from the centre of the disc gives the flexibility for the disc to be smaller in size than that of the conventional 120 mm. On this spiral tracks exists the BUMPS which actually hold the data. These bumps lie all along the spiral track. These bumps are often called pits. Viewed from the top of the disc these bumps look like PITS.

DATA RETRIEVAL (CONTINUOUS):

When recording, deleting or editing operations are performed repeatedly, small areas of empty space will occur across the disc. These small areas can be used to record a new Real-Time file, which results in a single Real-Time file composed of many small extents scattered across the disc. A group of these extents, each of which is recorded on contiguous logical sectors, is called an Expanse. The Expanse is conceptually a contiguous area to be read, and may include small areas in which Real-Time data is not recorded.
When a single Real-Time file is made up of several expanses, the file is read by jumping from one expanse to the next and reading the expanses in order. However, when jumping from one expanse to another, the disc rotation speed needs to be changed and the optical pickup needs to be moved to a different radius on the disc. Although data cannot be retrieved from the disc during this interval, the decoding/playback of video/audio data must continue without interruption.
To prevent interruption in video/audio playback while reading data from the disc, the buffer memory must not be emptied of data before readout from the next expanse becomes possible. This requirement for continuous supply of data is necessary to insure seamless playback. Therefore the minimum expanse size is defined such that the buffer memory does not become empty when jumping from one expanse to another on the disc.

CONCLUSION :

It would definitely take a considerable time for the Blu-Ray disc to hit the market & completely takeovers the DVD share hold. Because of the low level compatibility (BD readers able to read both the DVD’s and the CD’s), the task might become a little simpler. But, the high cost of the reader might hinder its quick development. Anyways soon or later this mass storage optical device is going to replace the DVD & let the user experience a world high quality & disc space (Quality & Quantity ensured) with high level of security and privacy ensured.