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Comparative Analysis of the Physical Layer Technologies in WiMax and LTE
- FoIP vs VoIP : Design and Application
- Software based GPS receiver
- Smart Home Technologies
- Trans ocean inter-continental optical links
- Double image mixing for 3D stereoscopic vision
- Radar guidance systems
- Video compression Techniques
- The Marriage of Cryptography and Watermarking
- Deep Space Application
- Adaptive modulation Performance of wideband OFDM communications
- EMG Signal Analysis: Detection, Processing, Classification and Applications
- Advances in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Classification of Power Quality Events
- Design of cryptographic protocols
- Video Image Compression Techniques
- Wireless Video Service in CDMA Systems
- Soliton pulses in long distance communications
- Emerging Communications Technologies and their impact on Military Communication Systems
- Radio Frequency Identification: Evolution of Transponder Circuit Design
- Image Compression System for Mobile Communication : Advancement in the Recent Years
- Performance Evaluation Of Hybrid OFDM/CDMA/SFH Approach For Wireless
- Radio Frequency Identification: Reader Circuit & Antenna Circuit Design
- Streaming technology in 3G mobile communication systems
- Study of Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain vs Frequency Domain
- Equalization and interference cancellation for TDMA wireless
- Study of Latest Issues Pertaining to Image Transmission in Wireless Network
- Study on the use of 3D Image Processing in Medical Imaging
- Image Compression, Past and Present
- Space-Time Coding For Frequency-Selective Fading Channels
- Ambient Intelligence: the networking challenges
- Quality Assessment Technique for Compressed Video
- IPTV vs Mobile TV : Design and Application
- Investigation of the types of handovers in wireless communication system
- Wireless Security Enhancement from the Lowest Layer
- Radio broadcasting system : Design and Application
- The study of propagation models in communication system
- Challenges to Next-generation Internet (Internet 3)
- Environmental Observation and Forecasting Systems using Wireless Sensor Networks.
- The impact of Cognitive Radio for Exploiting Under-used Spectrum
- Security in WiMAX Networks
- MAC Layer enhancement in 802.11n standards
- MIMO in 802.11n: potential and challenges
- The future of wireless network infrastructure
- Visible Light Communications
- Mobile and Broadcasting Convergence as a Disruptive Force
- Jamming and Anti-Jamming Technologies for Law Enforcement

radar guirens system

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Telecommunication

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RS-232

In telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is the traditional name for a series of standards for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
An RS-232 port was once a standard feature of a personal computer for connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, un-interruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. However, the limited transmission speed, relatively large voltage swing, and large standard connectors motivated development of the universal serial bus which has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many modern personal computers have no RS-232 ports and must use an external converter to connect to older peripherals. Some RS-232 devices are still found especially in industrial machines or scientific instruments.



RS-449

The RS-449 specification, also known as EIA-449 or TIA-449, defines the functional and mechanical characteristics of the interface between data terminal equipment and data communications equipment.
The electrical signaling standards intended for use with RS-449 are RS-422 for balanced signals, and RS-423 for the unbalanced signals, with data rates to 2 Mbit/s. The standard specifies DC-37 and DE-9 for the primary and secondary data circuits. Though never applied on personal computers, this interface is found on some network communication equipment. The full title of the standard is EIA-449 General Purpose 37-Position and 9-Position Interface for Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange.


X.21

X.21 (sometimes referred to as X21) is an interface specification for differential communications introduced in the mid 1970s by the ITU-T. X.21 was first introduced as a means to provide a digital signaling interface for telecommunications between carriers and customers' equipment. This includes specifications for DTE/DCE physical interface elements, alignment of call control characters and error checking, elements of the call control phase for circuit switching services, and test loops.
When X.21 is used with V.11, it provides synchronous data transmission at rates from 600 bit/s to 10 Mbit/s. There is also a variant of X.21 that is only used in select legacy applications, “circuit switched X.21”. X.21 normally is found on a 15-pin D-Sub connector and is capable of running full-duplex data transmissions.



 

TELECOMMUNICATION


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The word telecommunication made up of two words, tele and communication.Tele meaning distant and Communication in Latin meaning connection. Teleommunication is transmission, emission, or reception of voice and/or data through any medium by wire, radio, other electrical electromagnetic or optical means. Telecommunications includes all aspects of transmitting information.Thus Telecommunication is the transmission of information over significant distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphor telegraphs, signal flags.In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now also includes the use of electrical devices such as telegraphs, telephones, and teleprinters.



CONCEPTS IN TELECOMMUNICATION

One way and interactive communication:-One way communication is that in which information is always transferred in only one preassigned direction.This communication is not necessarily constrained to one transmission path.Examples of one- way communications systems include broadcast stations, one-way intercom systems, and wireline news services.Interactive communication is an exchange of ideas where both participants, whether human, machine or art form, are active and can have an effect on one another. It is a dynamic, two-way flow of information.


Analog and digital communication:-

Analog Communication is a data transmitting technique in a format that utilizes continuous signals to transmit data including voice, image, video, electrons etc.An analog signal is a variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude which is generally carried by use of modulation. Once the data has arrived at the receiving end, it is converted back into digital form so that it can be processed by the receiving computer.Digital communication is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.



Circuit switching and packet switching:-
Circuit switching is a telecommunications technology by which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) before the nodes may communicate. The circuit remains connected for the duration of the communication session.



IN-BAND VERSUS OUT-OF-BAND:-

Out-of-band signaling is telecommunication signaling on a channel that is dedicated for the purpose and separate from the channels used for the telephone call. Out-of-band signaling is used inSignaling System 7 (SS7).




PRIMARY FUNCTIONS:-
Core networks typically providing the following functionality:
1. Aggregation: The highest level of aggregation in a service provider network. The next level in the hierarchy under the core nodes is the distribution networks and then the edge networks. Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) do not normally connect to the core networks of a large service provider.
2. Authentication: The function to decide whether the user requesting a service from the telecom network is authorized to do so within this network or not.