03-05-2012, 04:38 PM
Wireless Electricity Transmission.
[attachment=21200]
Abstract:
The idea of wireless generation and transmission of
power is in experiment from a long time. Here, in this paper
we are trying to develop a proper device that can generate
voltages and then transmit them wirelessly through a local
network (after that our next stage will be to expand it to global
scale) in the RF range for household electricity requirement.
Ongoing engineering revolutions going in field of
transmission and distribution will help us to make this dream
to come in reality. The person who first paved the way of
dreaming wireless power is NIKOLO TESLA. In 1888 he
developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working
with his ideas for polyphase systems, which would allow
transmission of AC electricity over large distances. The
connection would be made by electrostatic induction or
conduction through plasma. Tesla firmly believed that
Wardenclyffe would permit wireless transmission and
reception across large distances with negligible losses. But
after lighting vacuum tubes wirelessly, he provided us with
enough evidence of the potential and feasibility of wireless
power transmission network.
Keywords:
Tesla Coil, Wireless energy transfer, Tesla Coil Controller,
Power Consumption, Wardenclyfee Tower.
Introduction:
Nikolo Tesla generated AC of one million volts
using a conical Tesla coil. Harmlessly passes through human
tissue with virtually no feeling or shocking effects. He was
developing a system for wireless telegraphy, telephony and the
transmission of power, experimented with high-voltage
electricity and the possibility of wireless transmitting and
distributing large amounts of electrical energy over long
distances. Tesla discovered terrestrial stationary waves within
the earth. He demonstrated that the Earth behaves as a smooth
polished conductor and possesses electrical vibrations. he lit
hundreds of lamps wirelessly at a distance of up to twenty-five
miles (40 km). He transmitted signals several kilometers and
lit neon tubes conducting through the ground.
What is a Tesla Coil?
A Tesla coil is a category of disruptive discharge
transformer coils, named after the inventor, Nikolo Tesla.
Tesla coils are composed of coupled resonant electric circuits.
It is a special transformer that can take the 110v electricity
from our house and capable of converting it rapidly to a great
deal of high-voltage high–frequency, low amperage power.
The high frequency output of even a small Tesla coil can light
up fluorescent tubes held several feet away without any wire
connections. The high frequency high-voltage energy
produced possesses qualities unlike conventional electricity. It
defies most insulation material , transmits energy without
wires , produces heat , light , and noise yet harmlessly passes
through human tissue with virtually no feeling or shocking
effects. A large number of spent or discarded fluorescent tubes
(their burned out cathodes are irrelevant) will light up if hung
near a long wire running from a Tesla coil while using less
than 100 watts drawn by the coil itself when plugged into an
electrical outlet. Tesla, described new and useful combinations
employed in transformer coils. The transmitting coil or
conductor arranged and excited to cause currents or oscillation
to propagate through conduction through the natural medium
from one point to another remote point at receiver, coil or
conductor of the transmitted signals. The production of
currents of very high potential could be attained in these coils..
Some of Tesla's later coils were considerably larger
and operated at much higher power levels. Tesla coils achieve
great gain in voltage by loosely coupling two resonant LC
circuits together, using an air-core (ironless) transformer.
Tesla coils' voltage gain is proportional to the square root of
the ratio of secondary and primary inductances. Later coil
types are an air-core, dual-tuned resonant transformer that
generates very high voltages at radio frequencies (RF).
The coil achieves a great gain in voltage by
transferring energy from one resonant circuit (the primary) to
the other (the secondary) over a number of cycles.
Modern Tesla Coils are designed to generate long
sparks, Tesla's. Tesla coils' outer conducting surfaces, which
are charged to a high potential, have large radii of curvature to
minimise leakage of the oscillating charges through corona
Asim Kumar Jana
Asst. Professor
HOD, ECE
Haldia Institute of
Technology,
Haldia-721657
asimkjana[at]rediffmail.com
Arijit Maity
4th year Student
Electronics &
Communication Engg.
Haldia Institute of
Technology,
Haldia-721657
maity.arijit[at]gmail.com
Pritee Verma
4th year student,
Chemical Engineering Haldia
Institute of Technology
Haldia – 721657
pritee_vrm[at]yahoo.co.in
Debjyoti Dwivedy
3rd year student,
Electronics & Communication
Engg
Haldia Institute of
Technology,
Haldia-721657
todabbu[at]gmail.com
Copyright © 2007
Paper Identification Number: CS-4.2
This peer-reviewed paper has been published by the Pentagram
Research Centre (P) Limited. Responsibility of contents of this
paper rests upon the authors and not upon Pentagram Research
Centre (P) Limited. Copies can be obtained from the company
for a cost.
Wireless Electricity Transmission
124
discharges or sparks. The intensity of the voltage gain of the
circuit with a free or elevated toroid is proportional to the
quantity of charge displaced, which is determined by the
product of the capacitance of the circuit, the voltage and the
frequency of the currents employed.
Operational Principle:
Later coils consist of a primary tank circuit, which is a series
LC circuit composed of a high voltage capacitor, spark gap,
and primary coil; and the secondary LC circuit, a series
resonant circuit consisting of the secondary coil and the toroid.
Most modern coils use only a single secondary coil. The toroid
actually forms one terminal of a capacitor, the other terminal
being the Earth ("ground"). The primary LC circuit is "tuned"
so that it will resonate at the same frequency as the secondary
LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are magnetically
coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core transformer; a
Tesla Coil's windings are "loosely" coupled, with the primary
and secondary typically sharing only 10-20% of their
respective magnetic fields. Tesla Coils spread their electric
field over a large distance to prevent high electrical stresses in
the first place, thereby allowing operation in free air. Most
modern Tesla coils use simple toroids, to control the high
electrical field near the top of the secondary and to direct
spark outward, and away, from the primary and secondary
windings. The circuit consists of a secondary coil that is
inductively coupled to the primary, one end of which is
connected to ground, while its other end is usually connected
to a smoothly shaped discharge terminal (called a topload).
The important requirement is that the primary and secondary
sides must be tuned to the same resonant frequency to allow
efficient transfer of energy between the primary and secondary
LC circuits. Modern Tesla coils use vacuum tube or power
transistor oscillators to excite the primary and generate high
frequency current.
Typical Tesla Coil Schematic Alternate Tesla Coil
Some notes on Power Consumption of Tesla Coil:
1) Power Supply - Initially, in circuit the upto ±170 V is
applied to the inverter. Then a step-up transformer (240/2400
transformer) is to be used ahead of the inverter. A factor of ten
(10(±170) = ±1700 V) gave us enough range. This is an oil
filled transformer, called a pole pig and was rated at 5kVA, so
the rated input current is 5000/240 = 20.8 A. This is a very
conservative rating, for continuous operation (run four hours
at 30 A without a problem) in a 40oC ambient.
The power circuit is shown below:
The rated current for our transformer is 2.8 A at 2400 V, so L
= 156.5 / 2.8 = 56 mH; the capacitor bank was formed of 16
electrolytic capacitors rated at 1400 μF and 450 V. Four were
placed in series to get a string rated at 350 μF and 1800 V.
Two strings were then paralleled to get a rated capacitor C3 of
700 μF and 1800 V. Two more strings were added to get
another capacitor C3 for the negative supply. Finally, 35 kΩ,
100W resistors, two in series on each side of the supply to
discharge the capacitor bank. The power dissipation on each
side is P = V ^2/ R = (1700) ^2 / 70000 = 41 W (1) or about
20W per resistor. The nominal rated voltage difference
between V − and V + is 2400√2 = 3394 V, or about ±1700V.
2. Gate Driver and Inverter:
The last generation is shown in Fig. 2 are four IGBTs in
series in each leg.
# Calculations: During inverter operation, each resistor
carries 1/4 of the total supply voltage while its IGBT is off,
and 0 while its IGBT is on. The power dissipation for a total
voltage of 3400 V is P = V^2 / R =(3400 / 8)^2 / 430000
= 0.42 W during the off period, and double this amount, or
0.84 W during inverter operation.
3. Current Sense Resistors: In the metal case containing the
inverter, there are several other components besides those
shown in Fig. 2. These include the current sense resistors, a
filter for the current waveform to the scope, a small current
transformer for supplying current information to the
controller, and some high frequency capacitors for voltage and
current support. These are shown in Fig. 3. The switches
SW1-SW8 represent the 8 IGBTs in the inverter.
International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
125
# Need for Switching - The switcher provides a square wave
voltage to the Tesla coil input. A square wave can always be
composed into a fundamental and a series of odd harmonics of
sine waves. The magnifier is not resonant at exactly three (or
five, or seven) times the fundamental frequency, so the
harmonics always face a very high surge impedance. The
current will build up at the resonant frequency but not at the
harmonics. This means that a square wave of applied voltage
will produce only a sine wave of current. This sine wave will
be in phase with the voltage at resonance, will lag above
resonance, and lead below resonance. The difference between
hard and soft switching is shown in Fig. 4. Two plots of an
(approximately) square wave of voltage applied to a Tesla
coil, with the resulting(approximately) sinusoidal current are
given here. In the 1’st plot the voltage takes about 300 ns to
make the transition. There is little ripple and the current
waveform is reasonably smooth. In the 2’nd plot, the voltage
transition lasts only about 100 ns.
A spark that occurs 1.9 ms into the pulse train with ±900 V
applied might occur 1.2 ms after start with ±1200 V applied. A
current of about 30 A (rms) just before spark was observed
frequently. The power dissipated in R1 with this current in it is
P = I^2 R = (30)2(0.02) = 18 W which is within the range of a
22 W resistor. The most critical limit in the circuit is that of
the IGBTs, which is 100 A peak in short bursts. If the peak
current is 100 A in a sinusoidal waveform, then the rms
current limit is 70 A. At 70 A, the power dissipation in R1 is
P = (70) ^2 (0.02) = 98 W which is a little over four times the
steady state rating. For the intermittent operation used here, R1
should last indefinitely, at least until the IGBTs blow.
4. IGBT Overcurrent Protection :
5. Tesla Coil Controller:
# Fire from other induced currents - Tesla coils are good at
inducing currents. Beware of metal things that are connected
to the same ground as a tesla coil. # Hazards to electronics
- A tesla coil must be connected to a ground that is separate
from the house ground or water pipes. Connecting anyone coil
to either of these grounds is a recipe for disaster.
6. Waveform Plots:
In the following figures, A1 and A2 refer to the two analog
channels of the HP 54645 D oscilloscopes. A1 is the voltage
waveform applied to the Tesla coil, measured at the output of
the inverter. A2 is the current, as represented by the voltage
across a 0.02 Ω resistor. A scale of 100 mV/div would be 5
A/div.
Fig. 8 shows the same waveforms after 1 ms of operation
(except for Channel 4, which is no longer of interest to us).
Fig. 9 shows the voltage applied to the Tesla coil and the
resulting current for about 4.5 ms. The voltage is A1 at the top
of the figure and the current is A2 at the bottom. Operation is
well below breakout.
Fig. 10 shows a closeup of the waveforms when ENABLE goes low.
Both outputs of the 34066 go low, so Channel 0 goes high and stays
there.
Wireless Electricity Transmission
126
In Fig. 10. It turns out that the current never misses a beat. The
voltage has a cycle that is half the normal length, such that at the end
of the short cycle, voltage is out of phase with current. Fig. 11 shows
the voltage and current waveforms later in the cycle.
Types of Tesla Coil:
i) High Power Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil –
This device produce arcs and sparks quite unlike the damped
spark gap driven Tesla coils. Operation does not require a
noisy spark gap that produces copious amounts of RFID radio
frequency interference but operates efficiently at the quarter
wave frequency of the secondary coil. The circuit of the
vacuum tube device is nothing more than a high powered
Hartley radio frequency oscillator tuned to the resonant
frequency of the secondary coil. The circuit uses a medium
powered 833A triode transmitting tube that inherently has a
high grid to plate capacitance. The output of the oscillator is
relatively closely coupled to the secondary coil designed for
high Q performance and self resonant to the 1/4 wave of the
oscillator frequency. A pulse signal controls the grid of the
tube allowing a wide range of spark texture variation by
changing the duty cycle and frequency.
ii) Easy to Build Table Top Tesla Coil –
Produces 8-12" of visible lightning-like discharges. Fully
adjustable and customable and transmit wireless energy,
materials glow, disintegrate, burn, ion motors, induction
fields, ion motors, induction fields, amazing and spectacular
special effects
iii) Medium Power Tesla Coil –
18-30" discharge 500,000V, Intended for 12V DC/ 115V AC
battery. Safe at high frequencies with adjustable outputs.
iv) Solid State Tesla Coil and Jacobs Ladder –
Turns a normal light bulb, into a
spectacular plasma display, build a
Plasma Tornado with amazing and
bizarre effects.
• Noiseless operation, pyrotechnic effect 12V DC/5 Amps
or battery, 115VAC optional converter adjustable
frequency
• Produce intense discharges. Uses dangerous high
voltages power, enough for most R&D experiments.
• Air-cooled tungsten spark gap. This is truly a spectacular
looking device
i) High Power Vaccumn Tesla Coils
ii)High Power Tesla Coil
• 4 To 6' discharges 1,500,000Volt advanced laboratory
studies.
• Materials Testing
• Rotary Spark Gap
• Size - 6' Height x 24" Square base
iii) Worlds Smallest Tesla Coil –
• Generate Up To 75 KV
Discharges
• Experiment With HV
Effects
• Plasma in a Jar, St Elmo's
Fire, Corona Etc.
• Output discharge control
• Small Size 3”x2” x 1.5”.
• 115V line Direct Operation
Wireless energy transfer:
It is the transfer of electromagnetic energy from power to do
work via conduction, induction, or transmission without a
physical connection. Wireless energy transfer, does not require
a physical medium through which to flow. With the basic
principle thus established, the challenge then is to channel the
energy of transmission to ensure efficient reception,
whereupon it can be converted into useful power, a flashlight
beam focused narrowly (by a lens) onto a solar cell will
minimize the amount of energy which does not fall on the
receiver and is ambiently lost. The advent of technology for
much higher transmission frequencies, like those used by
microwave transmitters, created the possibility of relaying
electromagnetic energy through the application of directional
antennas. Lasers, which create a coherent and tightly confined
beam of light energy, are even more appropriate. Wireless
energy transfer is therefore most applicable to situations where
the energy receiver cannot be copper-tethered to the energy
source — such as sending energy to an airplane or spacecraft,
or transmitted between planetary bodies, or from orbital solar
power satellites to a rectenna on Earth.
[attachment=21200]
Abstract:
The idea of wireless generation and transmission of
power is in experiment from a long time. Here, in this paper
we are trying to develop a proper device that can generate
voltages and then transmit them wirelessly through a local
network (after that our next stage will be to expand it to global
scale) in the RF range for household electricity requirement.
Ongoing engineering revolutions going in field of
transmission and distribution will help us to make this dream
to come in reality. The person who first paved the way of
dreaming wireless power is NIKOLO TESLA. In 1888 he
developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working
with his ideas for polyphase systems, which would allow
transmission of AC electricity over large distances. The
connection would be made by electrostatic induction or
conduction through plasma. Tesla firmly believed that
Wardenclyffe would permit wireless transmission and
reception across large distances with negligible losses. But
after lighting vacuum tubes wirelessly, he provided us with
enough evidence of the potential and feasibility of wireless
power transmission network.
Keywords:
Tesla Coil, Wireless energy transfer, Tesla Coil Controller,
Power Consumption, Wardenclyfee Tower.
Introduction:
Nikolo Tesla generated AC of one million volts
using a conical Tesla coil. Harmlessly passes through human
tissue with virtually no feeling or shocking effects. He was
developing a system for wireless telegraphy, telephony and the
transmission of power, experimented with high-voltage
electricity and the possibility of wireless transmitting and
distributing large amounts of electrical energy over long
distances. Tesla discovered terrestrial stationary waves within
the earth. He demonstrated that the Earth behaves as a smooth
polished conductor and possesses electrical vibrations. he lit
hundreds of lamps wirelessly at a distance of up to twenty-five
miles (40 km). He transmitted signals several kilometers and
lit neon tubes conducting through the ground.
What is a Tesla Coil?
A Tesla coil is a category of disruptive discharge
transformer coils, named after the inventor, Nikolo Tesla.
Tesla coils are composed of coupled resonant electric circuits.
It is a special transformer that can take the 110v electricity
from our house and capable of converting it rapidly to a great
deal of high-voltage high–frequency, low amperage power.
The high frequency output of even a small Tesla coil can light
up fluorescent tubes held several feet away without any wire
connections. The high frequency high-voltage energy
produced possesses qualities unlike conventional electricity. It
defies most insulation material , transmits energy without
wires , produces heat , light , and noise yet harmlessly passes
through human tissue with virtually no feeling or shocking
effects. A large number of spent or discarded fluorescent tubes
(their burned out cathodes are irrelevant) will light up if hung
near a long wire running from a Tesla coil while using less
than 100 watts drawn by the coil itself when plugged into an
electrical outlet. Tesla, described new and useful combinations
employed in transformer coils. The transmitting coil or
conductor arranged and excited to cause currents or oscillation
to propagate through conduction through the natural medium
from one point to another remote point at receiver, coil or
conductor of the transmitted signals. The production of
currents of very high potential could be attained in these coils..
Some of Tesla's later coils were considerably larger
and operated at much higher power levels. Tesla coils achieve
great gain in voltage by loosely coupling two resonant LC
circuits together, using an air-core (ironless) transformer.
Tesla coils' voltage gain is proportional to the square root of
the ratio of secondary and primary inductances. Later coil
types are an air-core, dual-tuned resonant transformer that
generates very high voltages at radio frequencies (RF).
The coil achieves a great gain in voltage by
transferring energy from one resonant circuit (the primary) to
the other (the secondary) over a number of cycles.
Modern Tesla Coils are designed to generate long
sparks, Tesla's. Tesla coils' outer conducting surfaces, which
are charged to a high potential, have large radii of curvature to
minimise leakage of the oscillating charges through corona
Asim Kumar Jana
Asst. Professor
HOD, ECE
Haldia Institute of
Technology,
Haldia-721657
asimkjana[at]rediffmail.com
Arijit Maity
4th year Student
Electronics &
Communication Engg.
Haldia Institute of
Technology,
Haldia-721657
maity.arijit[at]gmail.com
Pritee Verma
4th year student,
Chemical Engineering Haldia
Institute of Technology
Haldia – 721657
pritee_vrm[at]yahoo.co.in
Debjyoti Dwivedy
3rd year student,
Electronics & Communication
Engg
Haldia Institute of
Technology,
Haldia-721657
todabbu[at]gmail.com
Copyright © 2007
Paper Identification Number: CS-4.2
This peer-reviewed paper has been published by the Pentagram
Research Centre (P) Limited. Responsibility of contents of this
paper rests upon the authors and not upon Pentagram Research
Centre (P) Limited. Copies can be obtained from the company
for a cost.
Wireless Electricity Transmission
124
discharges or sparks. The intensity of the voltage gain of the
circuit with a free or elevated toroid is proportional to the
quantity of charge displaced, which is determined by the
product of the capacitance of the circuit, the voltage and the
frequency of the currents employed.
Operational Principle:
Later coils consist of a primary tank circuit, which is a series
LC circuit composed of a high voltage capacitor, spark gap,
and primary coil; and the secondary LC circuit, a series
resonant circuit consisting of the secondary coil and the toroid.
Most modern coils use only a single secondary coil. The toroid
actually forms one terminal of a capacitor, the other terminal
being the Earth ("ground"). The primary LC circuit is "tuned"
so that it will resonate at the same frequency as the secondary
LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are magnetically
coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core transformer; a
Tesla Coil's windings are "loosely" coupled, with the primary
and secondary typically sharing only 10-20% of their
respective magnetic fields. Tesla Coils spread their electric
field over a large distance to prevent high electrical stresses in
the first place, thereby allowing operation in free air. Most
modern Tesla coils use simple toroids, to control the high
electrical field near the top of the secondary and to direct
spark outward, and away, from the primary and secondary
windings. The circuit consists of a secondary coil that is
inductively coupled to the primary, one end of which is
connected to ground, while its other end is usually connected
to a smoothly shaped discharge terminal (called a topload).
The important requirement is that the primary and secondary
sides must be tuned to the same resonant frequency to allow
efficient transfer of energy between the primary and secondary
LC circuits. Modern Tesla coils use vacuum tube or power
transistor oscillators to excite the primary and generate high
frequency current.
Typical Tesla Coil Schematic Alternate Tesla Coil
Some notes on Power Consumption of Tesla Coil:
1) Power Supply - Initially, in circuit the upto ±170 V is
applied to the inverter. Then a step-up transformer (240/2400
transformer) is to be used ahead of the inverter. A factor of ten
(10(±170) = ±1700 V) gave us enough range. This is an oil
filled transformer, called a pole pig and was rated at 5kVA, so
the rated input current is 5000/240 = 20.8 A. This is a very
conservative rating, for continuous operation (run four hours
at 30 A without a problem) in a 40oC ambient.
The power circuit is shown below:
The rated current for our transformer is 2.8 A at 2400 V, so L
= 156.5 / 2.8 = 56 mH; the capacitor bank was formed of 16
electrolytic capacitors rated at 1400 μF and 450 V. Four were
placed in series to get a string rated at 350 μF and 1800 V.
Two strings were then paralleled to get a rated capacitor C3 of
700 μF and 1800 V. Two more strings were added to get
another capacitor C3 for the negative supply. Finally, 35 kΩ,
100W resistors, two in series on each side of the supply to
discharge the capacitor bank. The power dissipation on each
side is P = V ^2/ R = (1700) ^2 / 70000 = 41 W (1) or about
20W per resistor. The nominal rated voltage difference
between V − and V + is 2400√2 = 3394 V, or about ±1700V.
2. Gate Driver and Inverter:
The last generation is shown in Fig. 2 are four IGBTs in
series in each leg.
# Calculations: During inverter operation, each resistor
carries 1/4 of the total supply voltage while its IGBT is off,
and 0 while its IGBT is on. The power dissipation for a total
voltage of 3400 V is P = V^2 / R =(3400 / 8)^2 / 430000
= 0.42 W during the off period, and double this amount, or
0.84 W during inverter operation.
3. Current Sense Resistors: In the metal case containing the
inverter, there are several other components besides those
shown in Fig. 2. These include the current sense resistors, a
filter for the current waveform to the scope, a small current
transformer for supplying current information to the
controller, and some high frequency capacitors for voltage and
current support. These are shown in Fig. 3. The switches
SW1-SW8 represent the 8 IGBTs in the inverter.
International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
125
# Need for Switching - The switcher provides a square wave
voltage to the Tesla coil input. A square wave can always be
composed into a fundamental and a series of odd harmonics of
sine waves. The magnifier is not resonant at exactly three (or
five, or seven) times the fundamental frequency, so the
harmonics always face a very high surge impedance. The
current will build up at the resonant frequency but not at the
harmonics. This means that a square wave of applied voltage
will produce only a sine wave of current. This sine wave will
be in phase with the voltage at resonance, will lag above
resonance, and lead below resonance. The difference between
hard and soft switching is shown in Fig. 4. Two plots of an
(approximately) square wave of voltage applied to a Tesla
coil, with the resulting(approximately) sinusoidal current are
given here. In the 1’st plot the voltage takes about 300 ns to
make the transition. There is little ripple and the current
waveform is reasonably smooth. In the 2’nd plot, the voltage
transition lasts only about 100 ns.
A spark that occurs 1.9 ms into the pulse train with ±900 V
applied might occur 1.2 ms after start with ±1200 V applied. A
current of about 30 A (rms) just before spark was observed
frequently. The power dissipated in R1 with this current in it is
P = I^2 R = (30)2(0.02) = 18 W which is within the range of a
22 W resistor. The most critical limit in the circuit is that of
the IGBTs, which is 100 A peak in short bursts. If the peak
current is 100 A in a sinusoidal waveform, then the rms
current limit is 70 A. At 70 A, the power dissipation in R1 is
P = (70) ^2 (0.02) = 98 W which is a little over four times the
steady state rating. For the intermittent operation used here, R1
should last indefinitely, at least until the IGBTs blow.
4. IGBT Overcurrent Protection :
5. Tesla Coil Controller:
# Fire from other induced currents - Tesla coils are good at
inducing currents. Beware of metal things that are connected
to the same ground as a tesla coil. # Hazards to electronics
- A tesla coil must be connected to a ground that is separate
from the house ground or water pipes. Connecting anyone coil
to either of these grounds is a recipe for disaster.
6. Waveform Plots:
In the following figures, A1 and A2 refer to the two analog
channels of the HP 54645 D oscilloscopes. A1 is the voltage
waveform applied to the Tesla coil, measured at the output of
the inverter. A2 is the current, as represented by the voltage
across a 0.02 Ω resistor. A scale of 100 mV/div would be 5
A/div.
Fig. 8 shows the same waveforms after 1 ms of operation
(except for Channel 4, which is no longer of interest to us).
Fig. 9 shows the voltage applied to the Tesla coil and the
resulting current for about 4.5 ms. The voltage is A1 at the top
of the figure and the current is A2 at the bottom. Operation is
well below breakout.
Fig. 10 shows a closeup of the waveforms when ENABLE goes low.
Both outputs of the 34066 go low, so Channel 0 goes high and stays
there.
Wireless Electricity Transmission
126
In Fig. 10. It turns out that the current never misses a beat. The
voltage has a cycle that is half the normal length, such that at the end
of the short cycle, voltage is out of phase with current. Fig. 11 shows
the voltage and current waveforms later in the cycle.
Types of Tesla Coil:
i) High Power Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil –
This device produce arcs and sparks quite unlike the damped
spark gap driven Tesla coils. Operation does not require a
noisy spark gap that produces copious amounts of RFID radio
frequency interference but operates efficiently at the quarter
wave frequency of the secondary coil. The circuit of the
vacuum tube device is nothing more than a high powered
Hartley radio frequency oscillator tuned to the resonant
frequency of the secondary coil. The circuit uses a medium
powered 833A triode transmitting tube that inherently has a
high grid to plate capacitance. The output of the oscillator is
relatively closely coupled to the secondary coil designed for
high Q performance and self resonant to the 1/4 wave of the
oscillator frequency. A pulse signal controls the grid of the
tube allowing a wide range of spark texture variation by
changing the duty cycle and frequency.
ii) Easy to Build Table Top Tesla Coil –
Produces 8-12" of visible lightning-like discharges. Fully
adjustable and customable and transmit wireless energy,
materials glow, disintegrate, burn, ion motors, induction
fields, ion motors, induction fields, amazing and spectacular
special effects
iii) Medium Power Tesla Coil –
18-30" discharge 500,000V, Intended for 12V DC/ 115V AC
battery. Safe at high frequencies with adjustable outputs.
iv) Solid State Tesla Coil and Jacobs Ladder –
Turns a normal light bulb, into a
spectacular plasma display, build a
Plasma Tornado with amazing and
bizarre effects.
• Noiseless operation, pyrotechnic effect 12V DC/5 Amps
or battery, 115VAC optional converter adjustable
frequency
• Produce intense discharges. Uses dangerous high
voltages power, enough for most R&D experiments.
• Air-cooled tungsten spark gap. This is truly a spectacular
looking device
i) High Power Vaccumn Tesla Coils
ii)High Power Tesla Coil
• 4 To 6' discharges 1,500,000Volt advanced laboratory
studies.
• Materials Testing
• Rotary Spark Gap
• Size - 6' Height x 24" Square base
iii) Worlds Smallest Tesla Coil –
• Generate Up To 75 KV
Discharges
• Experiment With HV
Effects
• Plasma in a Jar, St Elmo's
Fire, Corona Etc.
• Output discharge control
• Small Size 3”x2” x 1.5”.
• 115V line Direct Operation
Wireless energy transfer:
It is the transfer of electromagnetic energy from power to do
work via conduction, induction, or transmission without a
physical connection. Wireless energy transfer, does not require
a physical medium through which to flow. With the basic
principle thus established, the challenge then is to channel the
energy of transmission to ensure efficient reception,
whereupon it can be converted into useful power, a flashlight
beam focused narrowly (by a lens) onto a solar cell will
minimize the amount of energy which does not fall on the
receiver and is ambiently lost. The advent of technology for
much higher transmission frequencies, like those used by
microwave transmitters, created the possibility of relaying
electromagnetic energy through the application of directional
antennas. Lasers, which create a coherent and tightly confined
beam of light energy, are even more appropriate. Wireless
energy transfer is therefore most applicable to situations where
the energy receiver cannot be copper-tethered to the energy
source — such as sending energy to an airplane or spacecraft,
or transmitted between planetary bodies, or from orbital solar
power satellites to a rectenna on Earth.