15-05-2012, 12:36 PM
POWER SAVING MECHANISM FOR STREET LIGHTS USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
[attachment=22080]
ABSTRACT
Power wastage is one of the most serious problems at present. One of the major challenges at the moment is the improvement of the present street lighting system. To control and maintain complex street lighting system more economically, various street light control systems are developed. The advances in the technologies related to wireless communication has led to the emergence of several engineering designs to aid the human requirements. Monitoring of street lights and controlling, plays a significant role in developing country like India and implementing mobile communication for facilitating electricity board is the basic idea of proposed work. In this paper we are proposing a simpler, multipurpose, cost-effective design to
control the on-off mechanism of street lights via Short Message Service (SMS).
Keywords- SMS, GSM, Streetlights, Power, Microcontroller.
INTRODUCTION
Electrical shock was long time problem of electrical power system, since the usage of electricity. Still it is main problem of electric power supply system, especially for street light control system because it is installed at open space and along the roadside through long distance. Heavy rain, traffic accident, etc make big trouble sometimes. So every street light control system should make counter measure on safety problem. Maintenance is also one of main consideration
factor. Every street light control system operator want to reduce maintenance costs and number of persons for repair. To reduce costs and number of person, street light control systems should have high stability and can give required information, when operators need information for maintenance and operation. For these reasons, reliable communication path and technique that is adequate for street light control system is required.
At present, street lamps control at most of the urban is only by manual control, a control switch set in each of the street lamps, it is the so called first generation of the original street light control, which is inefficient and a waste of
manpower, and cumbersome to operate street light opening and closing time. In the proposed system controls and monitors the street lights using a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module and a microcontroller circuit which is being controlled by sending a Short Message Service (SMS) from a mobile handset.
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
A brief history of the evolution of mobile communications throughout the world is useful in order to appreciate the enormous impact that cellular radio and Personal Communication Services (PCS) will have on all of us over the next several decades. It is also useful for a newcomer to the cellular radio field to understand the tremendous impact that government regulatory agencies and service competitors wield in the evolution of new wireless systems, services, and technologies. While it is not the intent of this text to deal with the techno-political aspects of cellular radio and personal communications, techno-politics are a fundamental driver in the evolution of new technology and services, since radio spectrum usage is controlled by governments, not by service providers, equipment manufacturers, entrepreneurs, or researchers. Progressive involvement in technology development is vital for a government if it hopes to keep its own country competitive in the rapidly changing field of wireless personal communications.
Wireless communications is enjoying its fastest growth period in history, due to enabling
technologies which permit widespread deployment. Historically, growth in the mobile communications field has come slowly, and has been coupled closely to technological improvements. The ability to provide wireless communications to an entire population was not even conceived until Bell Laboratories developed the cellular concept in the 1960s and 1970s [Nob62], [Mac79], [You79]. With the development of highly reliable, miniature, solid-state radio frequency hardware in the 1970s, the wireless communications era was born. The recent exponential growth in cellular radio and personal communication systems throughout the world is directly attributable to new technologies of the 1970s, which are mature today. The future growth of consumer-based mobile and portable communication systems will be tied more closely to radio spectrum allocations and regulatory decisions which affect or support new or extended services, as well as to consumer needs and technology advances in the signal processing, access, and network areas .
The following market penetration data show how wireless communications in the consumer sector has grown in popularity. Figure 1.1 illustrates how mobile telephony has penetrated our daily lives compared with other popular inventions of the 20th century. Figure 1.1 is a bit misleading since the curve labeled “mobile telephone” does not include nontelephone mobile radio applications, such as paging, amateur radio, dispatch, citizens band (CB), public service, cordless phones, or terrestrial microwave radio systems. In fact, in 1990, licensed noncellular radio systems in the U.S. had over 12 million users, more than twice the U.S. cellular user population at that time. With the phenomenal growth of wireless subscribers in the late 1990s, combined with Nextel’s novel business approach of purchasing private mobile radio licenses for bundling as a nationwide commercial cellular service, today’s subscriber base for cellular and Personal Communication Services (PCS) far outnumbers all noncellular licensed users. Figure 1.1 shows that the first 35 years of mobile telephony saw little market penetration due to high cost and the technological challenges involved, but how, in the past decade, wireless communications has been accepted by consumers at rates comparable to television and the video cassette recorder.
By 1934, 194 municipal police radio systems and 58 state police stations had adopted amplitude modulation (AM) mobile communication systems for public safety in the U.S. It was estimated that 5,000 radios were installed in mobiles in the mid 1930s, and vehicle ignition noise was a major problem for these early mobile users [Nob62]. In 1935, Edwin Armstrong demonstrated frequency modulation (FM) for the first time, and since the late 1930s, FM has been the primary modulation technique used for mobile communication systems throughout the world. World War II accelerated the improvements of the world’s manufacturing and miniaturization capabilities, and these capabilities were put to use in large one-way and two-way consumer radio and television systems following the war.
The number of U.S. mobile users climbed from several thousand in 1940 to 86,000 by 1948, 695,000 by 1958, and about 1.4 million users in 1962 [Nob62]. The vast majority of mobile users in the 1960s were not connected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and thus were not able to directly dial telephone numbers from their vehicles. With the boom in CB radio and cordless appliances such as garage door
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION:
This paper is organized as follows. We briefly review therelated works in Section n. In section 1lI methodology is described. Experimental results and performance analysis IS presented Section IV gives. Section V concludes the paper.
As wireless communication systems evolve, service quality and capacity are of primary importance. To ensure reliable communication over a mobile radio channel, a system must overcome multipath fading, polarization mismatch, and interference. The trend towards low power hand held transceivers increases all of these challenges. Even as more spectrum is allocated, demand for higher data rate services and steadily increasing numbers of users will motivate service providers to seek ways of increasing the capacity of their systems.
[attachment=22080]
ABSTRACT
Power wastage is one of the most serious problems at present. One of the major challenges at the moment is the improvement of the present street lighting system. To control and maintain complex street lighting system more economically, various street light control systems are developed. The advances in the technologies related to wireless communication has led to the emergence of several engineering designs to aid the human requirements. Monitoring of street lights and controlling, plays a significant role in developing country like India and implementing mobile communication for facilitating electricity board is the basic idea of proposed work. In this paper we are proposing a simpler, multipurpose, cost-effective design to
control the on-off mechanism of street lights via Short Message Service (SMS).
Keywords- SMS, GSM, Streetlights, Power, Microcontroller.
INTRODUCTION
Electrical shock was long time problem of electrical power system, since the usage of electricity. Still it is main problem of electric power supply system, especially for street light control system because it is installed at open space and along the roadside through long distance. Heavy rain, traffic accident, etc make big trouble sometimes. So every street light control system should make counter measure on safety problem. Maintenance is also one of main consideration
factor. Every street light control system operator want to reduce maintenance costs and number of persons for repair. To reduce costs and number of person, street light control systems should have high stability and can give required information, when operators need information for maintenance and operation. For these reasons, reliable communication path and technique that is adequate for street light control system is required.
At present, street lamps control at most of the urban is only by manual control, a control switch set in each of the street lamps, it is the so called first generation of the original street light control, which is inefficient and a waste of
manpower, and cumbersome to operate street light opening and closing time. In the proposed system controls and monitors the street lights using a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module and a microcontroller circuit which is being controlled by sending a Short Message Service (SMS) from a mobile handset.
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
A brief history of the evolution of mobile communications throughout the world is useful in order to appreciate the enormous impact that cellular radio and Personal Communication Services (PCS) will have on all of us over the next several decades. It is also useful for a newcomer to the cellular radio field to understand the tremendous impact that government regulatory agencies and service competitors wield in the evolution of new wireless systems, services, and technologies. While it is not the intent of this text to deal with the techno-political aspects of cellular radio and personal communications, techno-politics are a fundamental driver in the evolution of new technology and services, since radio spectrum usage is controlled by governments, not by service providers, equipment manufacturers, entrepreneurs, or researchers. Progressive involvement in technology development is vital for a government if it hopes to keep its own country competitive in the rapidly changing field of wireless personal communications.
Wireless communications is enjoying its fastest growth period in history, due to enabling
technologies which permit widespread deployment. Historically, growth in the mobile communications field has come slowly, and has been coupled closely to technological improvements. The ability to provide wireless communications to an entire population was not even conceived until Bell Laboratories developed the cellular concept in the 1960s and 1970s [Nob62], [Mac79], [You79]. With the development of highly reliable, miniature, solid-state radio frequency hardware in the 1970s, the wireless communications era was born. The recent exponential growth in cellular radio and personal communication systems throughout the world is directly attributable to new technologies of the 1970s, which are mature today. The future growth of consumer-based mobile and portable communication systems will be tied more closely to radio spectrum allocations and regulatory decisions which affect or support new or extended services, as well as to consumer needs and technology advances in the signal processing, access, and network areas .
The following market penetration data show how wireless communications in the consumer sector has grown in popularity. Figure 1.1 illustrates how mobile telephony has penetrated our daily lives compared with other popular inventions of the 20th century. Figure 1.1 is a bit misleading since the curve labeled “mobile telephone” does not include nontelephone mobile radio applications, such as paging, amateur radio, dispatch, citizens band (CB), public service, cordless phones, or terrestrial microwave radio systems. In fact, in 1990, licensed noncellular radio systems in the U.S. had over 12 million users, more than twice the U.S. cellular user population at that time. With the phenomenal growth of wireless subscribers in the late 1990s, combined with Nextel’s novel business approach of purchasing private mobile radio licenses for bundling as a nationwide commercial cellular service, today’s subscriber base for cellular and Personal Communication Services (PCS) far outnumbers all noncellular licensed users. Figure 1.1 shows that the first 35 years of mobile telephony saw little market penetration due to high cost and the technological challenges involved, but how, in the past decade, wireless communications has been accepted by consumers at rates comparable to television and the video cassette recorder.
By 1934, 194 municipal police radio systems and 58 state police stations had adopted amplitude modulation (AM) mobile communication systems for public safety in the U.S. It was estimated that 5,000 radios were installed in mobiles in the mid 1930s, and vehicle ignition noise was a major problem for these early mobile users [Nob62]. In 1935, Edwin Armstrong demonstrated frequency modulation (FM) for the first time, and since the late 1930s, FM has been the primary modulation technique used for mobile communication systems throughout the world. World War II accelerated the improvements of the world’s manufacturing and miniaturization capabilities, and these capabilities were put to use in large one-way and two-way consumer radio and television systems following the war.
The number of U.S. mobile users climbed from several thousand in 1940 to 86,000 by 1948, 695,000 by 1958, and about 1.4 million users in 1962 [Nob62]. The vast majority of mobile users in the 1960s were not connected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and thus were not able to directly dial telephone numbers from their vehicles. With the boom in CB radio and cordless appliances such as garage door
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION:
This paper is organized as follows. We briefly review therelated works in Section n. In section 1lI methodology is described. Experimental results and performance analysis IS presented Section IV gives. Section V concludes the paper.
As wireless communication systems evolve, service quality and capacity are of primary importance. To ensure reliable communication over a mobile radio channel, a system must overcome multipath fading, polarization mismatch, and interference. The trend towards low power hand held transceivers increases all of these challenges. Even as more spectrum is allocated, demand for higher data rate services and steadily increasing numbers of users will motivate service providers to seek ways of increasing the capacity of their systems.