Seminar Topics & Project Ideas On Computer Science Electronics Electrical Mechanical Engineering Civil MBA Medicine Nursing Science Physics Mathematics Chemistry ppt pdf doc presentation downloads and Abstract

NANOTECHNOLOGY
[attachment=22351]
"Science and technology alone are not going to magically solve all the problems of developing countries but they are critical components of development. Nanotechnology is a relatively new field that will soon be providing radical and relatively inexpensive solutions to critical development problems." Thus, scientists are harnessing nanotechnology to create new, inexpensive materials, devices, and systems with unique properties. Most of current applications of nanotechnology are in electronics, automation, supermaterials, agriculture, food security systems or life sciences such as pharmaceuticals and medicine.
Nanotechnology is the study, design, creation, synthesis, manipulation, and application of functional materials, devices, and systems through control of matter at the nanometer scale (one nanometer being equal to 1 x 10-9 of a meter), and the exploitation of novel phenomena and properties of matter at that scale.
Nanotechnology is more properly labeled as "molecular nanotechnology (MNT), or "nanoscale engineering Recently, the Foresight Institute has suggested an alternate term to represent the original meaning of nanotechnology: zettatechnology..
NANOTECHNOLOGY SEGMENTS
One way of characterizing nanotechnology is by "tools", "materials", "devices" and "intelligent materials and machines".
Tools
Nanotechnology tools include microscopy techniques and equipment that permit visualization and manipulation of items at the nanoscale such as cells, bacteria, and viruses, and to detect single molecules to better understand the nature of science. The range of tools includes the atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), molecular modeling software and various production technologies.
Materials
Nanomaterials can be grouped into three main areas:
1. Raw nanomaterials
2. Nanostructured materials
3. Nanotubes
Devices
two classes of miniature devices are commonly associated with nanotechnology:-
Nano devices
Mirodevices
CONSTRUCTION
Two approaches can be taken when making something at the nanoscale: these are known as the 'top-down' approach and the 'bottom-up' approach.
Top-down approach
1. The top-down approach is analogous to making a stone statue. You take a bulk piece of material and modify it, by carving or cutting in the case of stone, until you have made the shape you want. The process involves material wastage and is limited by the resolution of the tools you can use, restricting the smallest sizes of the structures made by these techniques. Examples of this kind of approach include the various types of lithographic techniques (such as photo-, ion beam-, electron- or X-ray-lithography) cutting, etching and grinding.
Bottom-up
The second approach is known as the bottom-up approach. This can be thought of as the same approach one would take to build a house: one takes lots of building blocks and puts them together to produce the final bigger structure. There is less wastage with this technique, and strong covalent bonds will hold the constituent parts together.
A good example of this kind of approach is found in nature; all cells use enzymes to produce DNA by taking the component molecules and binding them together to make the final structure. Chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and molecular fabrication are all examples of bottom-up techniques.
Nanofilms
Different nanoscale materials can be used in thin films to make them water-repellent, anti-reflective, self-cleaning, ultraviolet or infrared-resistant, anti­fog, anti-microbial, scratch-resistant, or electrically -conductive. Nanofilms are used now on eyeglasses, computer displays, and cameras to protect or treat the surfaces.
Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used in baseball bats, tennis racquets, and some car parts because of their greater mechanical strength at less weight per unit volume than that of conventional materials. Electronic properties of CNTs have made them a candidate for flat panel displays in TVs, batteries, and other electronics. Nanotubes for various uses can be made of materials other than carbon.
Drug-Delivery Techniques
Dendrimers are a type of nanostructure that can be precisely designed and manufactured for a wide variety of applications, including treatment of cancer and other diseases. Dendrimers carrying different materials on their branches can do several things at one time, such as recognizing diseased cells, diagnosing disease states (including cell death), drug delivery, reporting location, and reporting outcomes of therapy.
Nanoscale transistors
Transistors are electronic switching devices where a small amount of electricity is used like a gate to control the flow of larger amounts of electricity. In computers, the more transistors, the greater the power. Transistor sizes have been decreasing, so computers have become more powerful. Until recently, the industry's best commercial technology produced computer chips with transistors having 65-nanometer features. Recent announcements indicate that 45-nanometer feature technology soon will be here.
The top 10 nanotechnology applications are:
1. Energy storage, production and conversion;
2. Agricultural productivity enhancement;
3. Water treatment and remediation;
4. Disease diagnosis and screening;
5. Drug delivery systems;
6. Food processing and storage;
7. Air pollution and remediation;
8. Construction;
9. Health
10 Monitoring;
11. Vector and pest detection and control.
NANOMEDICINE: THE MEDICAL REVOLUTION
Technically nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology for engineering of tiny machines for the prevention and treatment of disease in human body. Nanomedicine devices will be used in­
-diagnosis of illness,
-implanted devices to deliver drugs or hormones
-use miniature surgeons
-tissue repair and replacement

NANOTECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW

[attachment=23250]

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on the nanoscale. A nanometer is a very small measure of length-it is one billionth of a meter, a length so small that only three or four atoms lined up in a row would be a nanometer. So, nanotechnology involves designing and building materials and devices where the basic structure of the material or device is specified on the scale of one or a few nanometers. Ultimately, nanotechnology will mean materials and devices in which every atom is assigned a place, and having every atom in the right place will be essential for the functioning of the device.
The kinds of product that could be built will range from microscopic, very powerful computers to super strong materials ten times as strong as steel, but much lighter too, food to other biological tissues. All these products would be very inexpensive because the molecular machines that built them will basically take atoms from garbage or dirt, and energy from sunshine, and rearrange those atoms into useful products, just like trees and crops take dirt, water and sunshine and rearrange the atoms into wood and food.

. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY - THE COMMON CHORD

The mechanical applications of nanotechnology are immense as it is in any other technological field. This paper concentrates on certain applications of interest viz. Carbon Nanotubes, Nanomachines and other related fields.
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules with dimensions in the range of nanometers. They are constituted of carbon atoms only, and can essentially be thought of as a layer of graphite rolled-up into a cylinder. They have an impressive list of attributes. They can behave like metals or semiconductors, can conduct electrically better than copper, can transmit heat better than diamond, and they rank among the strongest materials known- not bad for structures that are just a few nanometers across. Several decades from now we may see integrated circuits with components and wires made from nanotubes and may be even buildings that can snap back into shape after an earthquake.
Nanomachines are extremely small machines which are built from individual atoms. During the 1980’s and 1990’s, futurist and visionary K.Eric Drexler popularized the potential of nanomachines. ‘Nanomachines’ include replicas of present day machines(nanogears,nanopumps etc as well as new machines that do not have analog in the present world, like the assembler. The assembler is a nanomachine designed to manipulate matter as the atomic level.

. CARBON NANOTUBES

In 1991, a Japanese scientist Sumio Iijima used a high-resolution transmission electron microscope to study the soot created in an electrical discharge between two carbon electrodes at the NEC Fundamental Research Laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. He found that the soot contained structures that consisted of several concentric tubes of carbon, nested inside each like Russian dolls. These were termed as ‘Carbon Nanotubes’.
Later efficient ways of making large quantities of these multiwall nanotubes were developed. Subsequently, 1993, single-wall nanotubes were tens of nanometers across, the typical diameter of a single-wall nanotube was just one or two nanometers. The past decade has seen an explosion of research into both types of nanotube.
Today, nanotubes can be grown efficiently by the catalytic decomposition of a reaction gas that contains carbon, with iron often being used as the catalyst. This process has two main advantages. First, the nanotubes are obtained at much lower temperature, although this is at the cost of lower quality. Second, the catalyst can be grown on a substrate, which allows novel structures, such as ‘nanobrushes’, to be obtained. Currently nanotubes can be grown to lengths exceeding 100 microns, and in various shapes such as ‘nanosprings’.

. CONCLUSION

All the applications mentioned in this paper exhibit a wealth of properties and phenomena. While many of these are understood, others remain controversial, and all these fields are sure to remain an exciting area of science for years to come. The amazing predictions discussed are not in doubt. Like any new technology, however many of these have to outperform current technologies to gain a foothold. All these challenges will keep researchers busy for a long time to come.

NANO TECHNOLOGY

[attachment=23439]

Abstract

This paper objectives in Nano Technology are the design, modeling, and fabrication ofmolecular machines, molecular devices and soft ware issues to design that kind of devices and machines. While the ultimate objective must clearly be economical fabrication, present capabilities preclude the manufacture of any but the most basic molecular structures. The design and modeling of molecular machines is, however, quite feasible with present technology. More to the point, such modeling is a cheap and easy way to explore the truly wide range of molecular machines that are possible, allowing the rapid evaluation and elimination of obvious dead ends and the retention and more intensive analysis of more promising designs. It is clear that the right computational support will substantially reduce the development time. With appropriate molecular computer aided design software, molecular modeling software and related tools, we can plan the development of molecular manufacturing systems on a computer.

Introduction

It is becoming increasingly accepted that we will, eventually, develop the ability to economically fabricate a truly wide range of structures with atomic precision. This will be of major economic value. Most obviously a molecular manufacturing capability will be a prerequisite to the construction of molecular logic devices. The continuation of present trends in computer hardware depends on the ability to fabricate ever smaller and ever more precise logic devices at ever decreasing costs. The limit of this trend is the ability to fabricate molecular logic devices and to connect them in complex patterns at the molecular level. The manufacturing technology needed will, almost of necessity, be able to economically manufacture large structures (computers) with atomic precision (molecular logic elements). This capability will also permit the economical manufacture of materials with properties that border on the limits imposed by natural law.

NANO TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

It will deal with the problems involved in designing and building a micro-scale robot that can be introduced into the body to perform various medical activities. The preliminary design is intended for the following specific applications:
Tumors. We must be able to treat tumors; that is to say, cells grouped in a clumped mass. The specified goal is to be able to destroy tumorous tissue in such a way as to minimize the risk of causing or allowing a recurrence of the growth in the body.
Arteriosclerosis. This is caused by fatty deposits on the walls of arteries. The device should be able to remove these deposits from the artery walls. This will allow for both improving the flexibility of the walls of the arteries and improving the blood flow through them
Blood clots. The cause damage when they travel to the bloodstream to a point where they can block the flow of blood to a vital area of the body. This can result in damage to vital organs in very short order. By using a microrobot in the body to break up such clots into smaller pieces.

Design Software

The simple molecular machines simulated so far can be easily designed and modeled using ad hoc software and molecule development. However, to design complex systems such as the molecular assembler/replicators, more sophisticated software architecture will be needed. The current NanoDesign software architecture is a set of c++ classes with a tcl front end for interactive molecular gear design. Simulation is via a parallelized FORTRAN program which reads files produced by the design system. We envision a future architecture centered around an object oriented database of molecular machine components and systems with distributed access via CORBA from a user interface based on a WWW universal client.

Conclusions

The software required to design and model complex molecular machines is either already available, or can be readily developed over the next few years. The NanoDesign software is intended to design and test fullerene based hypothetical molecular machines and components. The system is in an early stage of development. Presently, tcl provides an interpreted interface, c++ objects represent design components, and a parallelized FORTRAN program
simulates the machine. In the future, an architecture based on distributed objects is envisioned. A standard set of interfaces would allow vendors to supply small, high quality components to a distributed system