26-05-2012, 11:49 AM
Ultraconductors
Superconductivity is a phenomenon where a material exhibits zero electrical resistance. A bulk superconductor reflects a magnetic field, preventing any build up of an internal magnetic field (known as the Meissner effect). Under superconductivity, electric currents flow forever without losing any energy.
Today’s commercialized superconductors (used in MRI scanners) include ceramics or metals that require cryogenic refrigeration (with liquid nitrogen and/or liquid helium) in order to operate, severely restricting their market adoption because of high capital and operating costs.
ULTRACONDUCTOR™ defined: An electrical conductor, similar to present-day superconductors, having zero measurable electrical resistance in one dimension. They consist of organic polymers that exhibit electrical resistance much lower than the best metallic conductors and are considered a novel state of matter.
Ultraconductors™ are patented materials being developed for commercial applications with the support of Chava Energy and are the subject of a landmark U.S. Patent 5,777,292, U.S. Patent 6,804,105 and equivalent patents pending worldwide.
Ultraconductors™ are the result of more than 16 years of prior scientific research, peer-reviewed publication, independent laboratory testing, and 8 years of engineering development. From an engineering perspective, Ultraconductors™ are a fundamentally new and enabling technology, a ‘re lightweight, flexible, transparent medium possessing magnetic, electric, and electronic properties with exceptionally high commercial value. This technology was independently reproduced for the United States Air Force. Chava Energy continues to develop and improve upon wire and cable using room temperature polymer superconductive materials.
Ultraconductor™ polymers are the only known materials of their kind and our proprietary technology includes the materials, means of fabrication, and application types. Ultimately, Ultraconductors™ offer unprecedented high performance and energy efficiency across a very broad range of products. They are made by the sequential processing of amorphous polar dielectric elastomers.
Ultraconductors™ exhibit a set of anomalous magnetic and electric properties, including: very high electrical conductivity (> 1011 S/cm -1) and current densities (> 5 x 108 A/cm2), over a wide temperature range (1.8 to 700 K). Additional properties established by experimental measurements include:
• the absence of measurable heat generation under high current;
• thermal versus electrical conductivity orders of magnitude higher than usual, in violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law;
• a jump-like transition to a resistive state at a critical current;
• a nearly zero Seebeck coefficient over the temperature range 87 – 233 K; and
• no measurable resistance when Ultraconductor™ films are placed between superconducting tin electrodes at cryogenic temperatures.
The Ultraconductor™ properties are measured in discrete macromolecular structures which form over time after the processing. In present thin films (1 – 100 micron thickness) these structures, called ‘channels’, are typically 1 – 2 microns in diameter and 10 – 1000 microns apart.
Using Ultraconductors™ for chip connectors solve a major technical issue for the semiconductor industry – one that still relies upon solder bumps to connect chips, further limiting chip size reduction. Our approach will promote the ability to create smaller chip designs that generate less heat.
We are currently aware of only one other polymer superconductor. It was developed by Bell Laboratories and requires cooling to 2.4 Kelvin (-456 F), very close to Absolute Zero.
Ultraconductor Wire™ can be made by extending a channel to indefinite length. The technique has been demonstrated in principle. Connections between conducting structures is done with a metal electrode: when two channels are brought together they connect.
From an engineering point of view, in many applications Ultraconductors can replace copper wire and current high temperature superconductors (which still require liquid nitrogen for cooling) . More important, the wires used will be considerably lighter than copper-based wires and exhibit zero resistance.
Our primary technology objectives
• To develop commercial process and fabrication technologies.
• To reach application-ready platforms for commercial film, wafer, and wire products.
• To achieve proof-of-concept for additional product applications.
• Electric power products – power downloads, motors, generators, transmission and distribution lines.
• Electronics – microelectronic circuits and components, computer chip mounting, antennas.
• Medical – MRI systems, sensors, specialized instruments.
• Electromagnetics – energy storage, shielding.
Docstoc.com:-
1 tech. introduction
2.materials
3. characterization
4. processing of UCs frm dielectric polimers
5. modal of process-induced UC formation
6. applications
7. conclusion
8. references:- 1. industria high temp.superconductor: IEEE transaction on applied superconductivity march 2002 vol.12 page-1145-1150l
2.ultraconductors . com /primer.html
3.ultraconductor.wikiverse.org
4. Superconductorsultra.htm
Technical introduction
Tech. intro.-
Ultraconductors are patented1 polymers being developed for commercial applications by Room Temperature Superconductors Inc (ROOTS). The materials exhibit a characteristic set of properties including conductivity and current carrying capacity equivalent to superconductors, but without the need for cryogenic support.
The Ultraconductor properties appear in thin (5 - 100 micron) films of certain dielectric polymers following an induced, non-reversible transition at zero field and at ambient temperatures >> 300 K. This transition resembles a formal insulator to conductor (I-C) transition.
The base polymers used are certain viscous polar elastomers, obtained by polymerization in the laboratory or as purchased from industrial suppliers. Seven chemically distinct polymers have been demonstrated to date.
Superconductivity is the phenomenon in which a material losses all its electrical resistance and allowing electric current to flow without dissipation or loss of energy. The atoms in materials vibrate due to thermal energy contained in the materials: the higher the temperature, the more the atoms vibrate. An ordinary conductor's electrical resistance is caused by these atomic vibrations, which obstruct the movement of the electrons forming the current. If an ordinary conductor were to be cooled to a temperature of absolute zero, atomic vibrations would cease, electrons would flow without obstruction, and electrical resistance would fall to zero. A temperature of absolute zero cannot be achieved in practice, but some materials exhibit superconducting characteristics at higher temperatures.
In 1911, the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity in mercury at a temperature of approximately 4 K (-269o C). Many other superconducting metals and alloys were subsequently discovered but, until 1986, the highest temperature at which superconducting properties were achieved was around 23 K (-250o C) with the niobium-germanium alloy (Nb3Ge)
In 1986 George Bednorz and Alex Muller discovered a metal oxide that exhibited superconductivity at the relatively high temperature of 30 K (-243o C). This led to the discovery of ceramic oxides that super conduct at even higher temperatures. In 1988, and oxide of thallium, calcium, barium and copper (Ti2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10) displayed superconductivity at 125 K (-148o C), and, in 1993 a family based on copper oxide and mercury attained superconductivity at 160 K (-113o C). These "high-temperature" superconductors are all the more noteworthy because ceramics are usually extremely good insulators.
Like ceramics, most organic compounds are strong insulators; however, some organic materials known as organic synthetic metals do display both conductivity and superconductivity. In the early 1990's, one such compound was shown to super conduct at approximately 33 K (-240o C). Although this is well below the temperatures achieved for ceramic oxides, organic superconductors are considered to have great potential for the future.
New superconducting materials are being discovered on a regular basis, and the search is on for room temperature superconductors, which, if discovered, are expected to revolutionize electronics. Room temperature superconductors (ultraconductors) are being developed for commercial applications by Room Temperature Superconductors Inc.(ROOTS).Ultraconductors are the result of more than 16 years of scientific research ,independent laboratory testing and eight years of engineering development. From an engineering perspective, ultraconductors are a fundamentally new and enabling technology. These materials are claimed to conduct electricity at least 100,000 times better than gold, silver or copper.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon where a material exhibits zero electrical resistance. A bulk superconductor reflects a magnetic field, preventing any build up of an internal magnetic field (known as the Meissner effect). Under superconductivity, electric currents flow forever without losing any energy.
Today’s commercialized superconductors (used in MRI scanners) include ceramics or metals that require cryogenic refrigeration (with liquid nitrogen and/or liquid helium) in order to operate, severely restricting their market adoption because of high capital and operating costs.
ULTRACONDUCTOR™ defined: An electrical conductor, similar to present-day superconductors, having zero measurable electrical resistance in one dimension. They consist of organic polymers that exhibit electrical resistance much lower than the best metallic conductors and are considered a novel state of matter.
Ultraconductors™ are patented materials being developed for commercial applications with the support of Chava Energy and are the subject of a landmark U.S. Patent 5,777,292, U.S. Patent 6,804,105 and equivalent patents pending worldwide.
Ultraconductors™ are the result of more than 16 years of prior scientific research, peer-reviewed publication, independent laboratory testing, and 8 years of engineering development. From an engineering perspective, Ultraconductors™ are a fundamentally new and enabling technology, a ‘re lightweight, flexible, transparent medium possessing magnetic, electric, and electronic properties with exceptionally high commercial value. This technology was independently reproduced for the United States Air Force. Chava Energy continues to develop and improve upon wire and cable using room temperature polymer superconductive materials.
Ultraconductor™ polymers are the only known materials of their kind and our proprietary technology includes the materials, means of fabrication, and application types. Ultimately, Ultraconductors™ offer unprecedented high performance and energy efficiency across a very broad range of products. They are made by the sequential processing of amorphous polar dielectric elastomers.
Ultraconductors™ exhibit a set of anomalous magnetic and electric properties, including: very high electrical conductivity (> 1011 S/cm -1) and current densities (> 5 x 108 A/cm2), over a wide temperature range (1.8 to 700 K). Additional properties established by experimental measurements include:
• the absence of measurable heat generation under high current;
• thermal versus electrical conductivity orders of magnitude higher than usual, in violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law;
• a jump-like transition to a resistive state at a critical current;
• a nearly zero Seebeck coefficient over the temperature range 87 – 233 K; and
• no measurable resistance when Ultraconductor™ films are placed between superconducting tin electrodes at cryogenic temperatures.
The Ultraconductor™ properties are measured in discrete macromolecular structures which form over time after the processing. In present thin films (1 – 100 micron thickness) these structures, called ‘channels’, are typically 1 – 2 microns in diameter and 10 – 1000 microns apart.
Using Ultraconductors™ for chip connectors solve a major technical issue for the semiconductor industry – one that still relies upon solder bumps to connect chips, further limiting chip size reduction. Our approach will promote the ability to create smaller chip designs that generate less heat.
We are currently aware of only one other polymer superconductor. It was developed by Bell Laboratories and requires cooling to 2.4 Kelvin (-456 F), very close to Absolute Zero.
Ultraconductor Wire™ can be made by extending a channel to indefinite length. The technique has been demonstrated in principle. Connections between conducting structures is done with a metal electrode: when two channels are brought together they connect.
From an engineering point of view, in many applications Ultraconductors can replace copper wire and current high temperature superconductors (which still require liquid nitrogen for cooling) . More important, the wires used will be considerably lighter than copper-based wires and exhibit zero resistance.
Our primary technology objectives
• To develop commercial process and fabrication technologies.
• To reach application-ready platforms for commercial film, wafer, and wire products.
• To achieve proof-of-concept for additional product applications.
• Electric power products – power downloads, motors, generators, transmission and distribution lines.
• Electronics – microelectronic circuits and components, computer chip mounting, antennas.
• Medical – MRI systems, sensors, specialized instruments.
• Electromagnetics – energy storage, shielding.
Docstoc.com:-
1 tech. introduction
2.materials
3. characterization
4. processing of UCs frm dielectric polimers
5. modal of process-induced UC formation
6. applications
7. conclusion
8. references:- 1. industria high temp.superconductor: IEEE transaction on applied superconductivity march 2002 vol.12 page-1145-1150l
2.ultraconductors . com /primer.html
3.ultraconductor.wikiverse.org
4. Superconductorsultra.htm
Technical introduction
Tech. intro.-
Ultraconductors are patented1 polymers being developed for commercial applications by Room Temperature Superconductors Inc (ROOTS). The materials exhibit a characteristic set of properties including conductivity and current carrying capacity equivalent to superconductors, but without the need for cryogenic support.
The Ultraconductor properties appear in thin (5 - 100 micron) films of certain dielectric polymers following an induced, non-reversible transition at zero field and at ambient temperatures >> 300 K. This transition resembles a formal insulator to conductor (I-C) transition.
The base polymers used are certain viscous polar elastomers, obtained by polymerization in the laboratory or as purchased from industrial suppliers. Seven chemically distinct polymers have been demonstrated to date.
Superconductivity is the phenomenon in which a material losses all its electrical resistance and allowing electric current to flow without dissipation or loss of energy. The atoms in materials vibrate due to thermal energy contained in the materials: the higher the temperature, the more the atoms vibrate. An ordinary conductor's electrical resistance is caused by these atomic vibrations, which obstruct the movement of the electrons forming the current. If an ordinary conductor were to be cooled to a temperature of absolute zero, atomic vibrations would cease, electrons would flow without obstruction, and electrical resistance would fall to zero. A temperature of absolute zero cannot be achieved in practice, but some materials exhibit superconducting characteristics at higher temperatures.
In 1911, the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity in mercury at a temperature of approximately 4 K (-269o C). Many other superconducting metals and alloys were subsequently discovered but, until 1986, the highest temperature at which superconducting properties were achieved was around 23 K (-250o C) with the niobium-germanium alloy (Nb3Ge)
In 1986 George Bednorz and Alex Muller discovered a metal oxide that exhibited superconductivity at the relatively high temperature of 30 K (-243o C). This led to the discovery of ceramic oxides that super conduct at even higher temperatures. In 1988, and oxide of thallium, calcium, barium and copper (Ti2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10) displayed superconductivity at 125 K (-148o C), and, in 1993 a family based on copper oxide and mercury attained superconductivity at 160 K (-113o C). These "high-temperature" superconductors are all the more noteworthy because ceramics are usually extremely good insulators.
Like ceramics, most organic compounds are strong insulators; however, some organic materials known as organic synthetic metals do display both conductivity and superconductivity. In the early 1990's, one such compound was shown to super conduct at approximately 33 K (-240o C). Although this is well below the temperatures achieved for ceramic oxides, organic superconductors are considered to have great potential for the future.
New superconducting materials are being discovered on a regular basis, and the search is on for room temperature superconductors, which, if discovered, are expected to revolutionize electronics. Room temperature superconductors (ultraconductors) are being developed for commercial applications by Room Temperature Superconductors Inc.(ROOTS).Ultraconductors are the result of more than 16 years of scientific research ,independent laboratory testing and eight years of engineering development. From an engineering perspective, ultraconductors are a fundamentally new and enabling technology. These materials are claimed to conduct electricity at least 100,000 times better than gold, silver or copper.